SQLite Performance Benchmarks

Comprehensive SQLite performance benchmarking suite testing PRAGMA settings, WAL mode optimizations, and encryption performance across multiple Node.js versions.

Important

This benchmark suite was created to analyze Forward Email's production SQLite configuration and identify optimization opportunities. All tests are based on real-world email infrastructure requirements handling millions of messages.

Overview

This project benchmarks SQLite performance across different Node.js versions (v18, v20, v22, v24) with various PRAGMA configurations, focusing on:

• PRAGMA setting optimizations - Testing Forward Email's actual production settings
• WAL mode performance - Analyzing Write-Ahead Logging impact on throughput
• ChaCha20 encryption - Quantum-resistant encryption performance testing
• Encryption overhead analysis - Comparing better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers vs better-sqlite3
• Cross-version compatibility - Node.js version performance comparison
• Production workload simulation - Insert/Select/Update operations mimicking email storage

Tip

Use Node.js v20 LTS for best performance. Other versions show significant performance regressions.

# Clone and setup
git clone <repository-url>
cd sqlite-benchmarks
npm install

# Run benchmarks
npm run benchmark

# View results
ls -la benchmark_results_*.json

Files Structure

sqlite-benchmarks/
├── README.md                           # This documentation
├── LICENSE.md                          # MIT License
├── package.json                        # Dependencies and scripts
├── package-lock.json                   # Locked dependency versions
├── .gitignore                          # Git ignore patterns
├── benchmark.js                        # Main benchmark script
├── benchmark_results_node_v18.20.8.json   # Node v18 results
├── benchmark_results_node_v20.19.5.json   # Node v20 results (recommended)
├── benchmark_results_node_v22.21.1.json   # Node v22 results
└── benchmark_results_node_v24.11.1.json   # Node v24 results (avoid)

Dependencies

Caution

The better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers package requires native compilation. You may need to rebuild when switching Node.js versions.

• better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers - SQLite with ChaCha20 encryption support
• better-sqlite3 - Standard SQLite without encryption (for comparison)
• benchmark - Performance testing framework
• cli-table3 - Terminal table formatting
• fs-extra - Enhanced filesystem operations

Benchmark Results Summary

Node.js v20.19.5 (✅ RECOMMENDED)

Forward Email Production Config:

• Inserts: 10,548 ops/sec
• Selects: 17,494 ops/sec
• Updates: 16,654 ops/sec

Best Optimization (WAL Autocheckpoint 1000):

• Inserts: 11,800 ops/sec (+12% improvement)
• Selects: 18,383 ops/sec (+5% improvement)
• Updates: 22,087 ops/sec (+33% improvement)

Node.js v18.20.8 (⚠️ LEGACY ACCEPTABLE)

Forward Email Production Config:

• Inserts: 10,658 ops/sec
• Selects: 14,466 ops/sec (-17% vs v20)
• Updates: 18,641 ops/sec

Note

Node v18 shows npm engine warnings but compiles and runs successfully. Performance is acceptable for legacy applications.

Node.js v22.21.1 (⚠️ DEVELOPMENT ONLY)

Forward Email Production Config:

• Inserts: 9,829 ops/sec (-7% vs v20)
• Selects: 15,833 ops/sec (-9% vs v20)
• Updates: 18,416 ops/sec

Node.js v24.11.1 (❌ AVOID)

Forward Email Production Config:

• Inserts: 9,938 ops/sec
• Selects: 7,497 ops/sec (-57% vs v20)
• Updates: 10,446 ops/sec

Warning

Node.js v24 shows severe performance regressions for SQLite operations. Not recommended for production use.

Encryption Overhead Analysis

The benchmark suite includes a comparison between better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers (with ChaCha20 encryption) and standard better-sqlite3 (no encryption) to quantify the performance impact of encryption.

Note

The "better-sqlite3 (no encryption)" configuration uses the standard better-sqlite3 package without encryption, while all other configurations use better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers with ChaCha20 encryption.

Typical Encryption Overhead (Node.js v20):

• Insert Operations: ~70-75% slower with ChaCha20 encryption
• Select Operations: ~45-50% slower with ChaCha20 encryption
• Update Operations: ~70-75% slower with ChaCha20 encryption

While encryption adds overhead, it provides quantum-resistant security for sensitive email data. The performance trade-off is acceptable for Forward Email's security requirements.

Latest Automated Benchmark Results

Last Updated: 2026-09-23

Cache Size 64MB

Node Version	Library	Setup (ms)	Insert/sec	Select/sec	Update/sec	Delete/sec	DB Size (MB)
v18.20.4	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	76.1	12,330	26,946	21,278	155,836	3.98
v18.20.8	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.2	10,165	13,345	18,056	85,244	3.98
v20.19.5	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.6	10,205	14,034	18,571	85,164	3.98
v20.19.6	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	92.6	10,629	14,382	18,952	89,759	3.98
v20.20.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	93.0	10,484	14,656	18,717	91,996	3.98
v20.20.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.0	9,782	13,206	17,317	70,492	3.98
v20.20.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.1	10,017	13,476	18,027	90,490	3.98
v22.13.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	86.7	12,778	19,765	23,104	134,608	3.98
v22.21.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	103.1	10,389	16,285	20,021	100,644	3.98
v22.22.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.8	10,099	32,997	18,502	87,329	3.98
v22.22.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.3	9,979	33,954	17,922	77,979	3.98
v22.22.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.1	10,429	33,201	18,860	92,593	3.98
v22.22.3	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.7	9,338	33,819	16,310	77,948	3.98
v22.23.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.0	10,286	33,644	18,660	88,881	3.98
v22.23.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	108.0	11,404	43,414	20,635	94,554	3.98
v22.23.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.4	8,999	36,817	15,636	69,730	3.98
v24.11.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	106.8	9,385	10,502	15,585	79,170	3.98
v24.12.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.7	9,905	32,380	18,792	75,216	3.98
v24.13.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	101.0	8,726	33,371	15,310	67,056	3.98
v24.13.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.0	10,090	33,673	18,396	81,813	3.98
v24.14.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.7	10,156	33,729	18,678	88,098	3.98
v24.14.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.6	10,330	33,118	18,649	80,496	3.98
v24.15.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.1	10,076	18,463	16,979	83,459	3.98
v24.16.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.3	10,144	32,437	18,308	85,237	3.98
v24.17.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.5	11,406	34,700	22,290	129,955	3.98
v24.18.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.9	9,754	32,820	17,880	72,166	3.98
v24.19.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.0	8,906	31,225	15,889	77,107	3.98
v24.20.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	76.8	14,949	55,028	29,533	155,183	3.98
v24.21.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	92.2	10,082	25,196	18,059	72,543	3.98
v25.2.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.8	9,848	15,344	18,032	87,176	3.98
v25.2.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.0	10,043	32,479	18,239	92,764	3.98
v25.3.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.1	9,684	33,121	18,216	85,970	3.98
v25.4.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.1	9,819	32,430	18,170	82,088	3.98
v25.5.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.5	10,104	32,166	18,306	89,598	3.98
v25.6.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.3	10,019	32,295	18,266	93,371	3.98
v25.6.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.6	9,980	32,806	17,656	80,691	3.98
v25.7.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.1	9,962	32,491	18,106	91,659	3.98
v25.8.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.6	9,245	31,633	16,685	75,786	3.98
v25.8.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.9	9,703	32,236	17,462	79,340	3.98
v25.8.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.5	9,568	31,016	16,918	76,546	3.98
v25.9.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.7	10,001	18,648	16,464	78,284	3.98
v26.0.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	93.6	10,173	33,158	18,361	96,628	3.98
v26.1.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	93.9	10,118	33,265	18,303	93,809	3.98
v26.10.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.3	9,492	30,203	17,672	71,602	3.98
v26.2.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.4	10,015	32,959	17,973	89,759	3.98
v26.3.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	93.9	10,189	33,336	17,844	86,723	3.98
v26.3.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.8	9,398	35,282	16,296	87,123	3.98
v26.4.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.7	10,095	33,115	18,465	89,518	3.98
v26.5.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.1	9,133	34,620	15,874	85,201	3.98
v26.5.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.9	10,093	33,644	18,270	90,009	3.98
v26.6.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.6	9,099	34,703	15,839	82,727	3.98
v26.7.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.3	9,991	33,160	17,886	72,854	3.98
v26.8.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	110.3	12,528	42,471	23,256	109,493	3.98
v26.8.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	107.6	10,829	38,761	21,174	125,219	3.98
v26.9.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.0	8,911	32,419	15,846	75,477	3.98

Forward Email Production

Node Version	Library	Setup (ms)	Insert/sec	Select/sec	Update/sec	Delete/sec	DB Size (MB)
v18.20.4	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	238.6	11,778	26,632	21,163	124,347	3.98
v18.20.8	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	119.8	9,519	13,222	17,926	56,648	3.98
v20.19.5	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	125.4	9,730	14,221	18,455	58,439	3.98
v20.19.6	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	120.1	9,804	14,157	18,802	56,076	3.98
v20.20.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	116.8	9,654	14,120	18,507	55,916	3.98
v20.20.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	124.4	9,472	13,121	17,377	46,970	3.98
v20.20.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	106.4	9,566	13,997	17,596	55,857	3.98
v22.13.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	108.4	12,022	19,187	22,204	87,466	3.98
v22.21.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	125.8	9,829	15,833	18,416	8,120	3.98
v22.22.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	128.1	9,563	31,392	18,263	49,461	3.98
v22.22.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	147.7	9,441	32,535	17,871	56,456	3.98
v22.22.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	109.0	9,837	30,757	17,950	60,898	3.98
v22.22.3	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	139.5	9,057	32,465	16,283	60,887	3.98
v22.23.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	174.5	9,793	32,224	18,635	55,267	3.98
v22.23.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	137.6	8,816	41,595	19,890	68,866	3.98
v22.23.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	120.0	8,502	35,069	15,429	49,950	3.98
v24.11.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	123.6	9,938	7,497	10,446	66,203	3.98
v24.12.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	121.6	9,404	31,049	12,056	34,265	3.98
v24.13.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	116.2	8,330	31,653	15,229	53,740	3.98
v24.13.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	115.6	9,304	31,639	17,726	53,981	3.98
v24.14.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	125.6	8,439	32,050	18,529	59,203	3.98
v24.14.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	110.4	9,472	32,074	17,922	58,959	3.98
v24.15.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	114.6	9,499	31,047	18,538	58,921	3.98
v24.16.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	113.3	9,502	30,158	18,649	60,790	3.98
v24.17.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	108.4	10,339	29,376	22,158	81,202	3.98
v24.18.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	216.0	9,361	31,559	17,386	34,560	3.98
v24.19.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	127.2	8,854	34,986	15,587	53,856	3.98
v24.20.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	557.2	14,354	45,391	29,086	122,294	3.98
v24.21.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	117.6	9,537	33,019	17,461	53,005	3.98
v25.2.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	113.1	9,032	15,189	17,763	53,723	3.98
v25.2.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	113.6	9,572	31,101	18,170	61,312	3.98
v25.3.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	124.4	9,200	30,847	18,005	60,938	3.98
v25.4.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	124.2	9,419	31,216	18,109	59,556	3.98
v25.5.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	109.8	9,427	31,158	18,219	59,449	3.98
v25.6.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	111.9	8,686	30,717	17,958	63,016	3.98
v25.6.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	108.2	9,191	31,509	17,953	55,577	3.98
v25.7.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	106.0	9,316	30,891	18,215	62,539	3.98
v25.8.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	115.6	8,354	29,954	16,803	44,980	3.98
v25.8.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	111.8	8,958	29,635	17,205	52,837	3.98
v25.8.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	110.9	8,865	29,156	16,807	51,717	3.98
v25.9.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	128.3	9,611	31,000	18,099	60,020	3.98
v26.0.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	108.6	9,543	32,731	18,137	61,648	3.98
v26.1.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	107.2	9,168	32,095	18,262	61,881	3.98
v26.10.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	120.5	9,496	32,360	16,737	53,177	3.98
v26.2.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	107.6	9,061	31,918	18,268	60,386	3.98
v26.3.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	108.0	9,582	31,537	18,179	48,761	3.98
v26.3.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	111.2	8,880	33,973	16,087	59,930	3.98
v26.4.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	109.7	9,327	31,417	18,183	55,512	3.98
v26.5.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	112.0	8,630	33,259	15,583	60,190	3.98
v26.5.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	110.8	9,475	32,606	17,969	57,330	3.98
v26.6.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	123.3	8,675	33,286	15,668	59,898	3.98
v26.7.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	112.9	9,322	31,949	15,858	33,549	3.98
v26.8.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	222.3	11,932	38,501	22,809	98,649	3.98
v26.8.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	209.8	11,096	40,189	21,343	94,242	3.98
v26.9.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	117.3	8,849	35,952	15,745	53,943	3.98

Incremental Vacuum

Node Version	Library	Setup (ms)	Insert/sec	Select/sec	Update/sec	Delete/sec	DB Size (MB)
v18.20.4	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	78.2	12,034	27,226	21,070	108,601	4.13
v18.20.8	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.1	10,227	13,380	18,095	82,352	4.13
v20.19.5	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.8	10,245	14,462	18,323	86,565	4.13
v20.19.6	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.5	10,401	13,977	18,924	85,977	4.13
v20.20.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.2	10,014	13,748	18,617	82,021	4.13
v20.20.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.0	9,636	12,707	17,313	73,073	4.13
v20.20.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.5	9,563	13,941	18,092	89,039	4.13
v22.13.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	91.1	12,533	19,258	22,819	136,724	4.13
v22.21.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.5	10,690	13,274	19,033	91,988	4.13
v22.22.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	103.1	5,057	31,660	18,396	83,808	4.13
v22.22.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.7	10,045	32,928	17,678	77,250	4.13
v22.22.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.6	10,389	33,014	18,592	93,023	4.13
v22.22.3	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.2	9,296	33,138	16,253	81,440	4.13
v22.23.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.7	10,269	32,501	18,341	84,019	4.13
v22.23.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	122.6	11,654	42,932	20,664	100,351	4.13
v22.23.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.9	8,983	37,115	15,655	68,018	4.13
v24.11.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.9	10,628	16,821	19,934	117,509	4.13
v24.12.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.1	9,943	33,441	18,635	82,974	4.13
v24.13.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	101.0	8,781	31,898	15,264	67,783	4.13
v24.13.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	89.3	10,316	33,607	17,886	77,616	4.13
v24.14.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.2	10,190	31,553	18,551	88,723	4.13
v24.14.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.2	10,073	25,664	18,650	78,046	4.13
v24.15.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.0	10,146	30,463	18,276	90,001	4.13
v24.16.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	104.0	10,030	24,794	18,507	79,974	4.13
v24.17.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.4	10,917	23,776	22,223	123,854	4.13
v24.18.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.6	9,741	32,001	17,683	65,972	4.13
v24.19.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.4	9,178	36,112	15,697	67,150	4.13
v24.20.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	145.0	13,318	53,567	29,178	155,328	4.13
v24.21.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.2	9,989	30,957	17,052	69,507	4.13
v25.2.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.6	9,695	13,826	17,858	86,573	4.13
v25.2.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.3	9,982	30,632	18,263	91,066	4.13
v25.3.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.4	9,766	32,600	17,687	85,455	4.13
v25.4.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.8	9,659	32,272	18,023	86,118	4.13
v25.5.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.1	9,873	30,621	18,235	87,329	4.13
v25.6.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.9	9,811	31,995	18,176	89,678	4.13
v25.6.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	93.6	9,930	30,949	17,833	87,474	4.13
v25.7.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.9	9,863	31,674	18,115	92,937	4.13
v25.8.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	102.8	9,477	30,740	16,583	72,748	4.13
v25.8.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.8	9,732	31,851	17,150	79,283	4.13
v25.8.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.2	9,550	30,370	16,844	79,472	4.13
v25.9.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.6	10,177	30,697	18,191	87,321	4.13
v26.0.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.4	9,951	25,426	17,855	89,678	4.13
v26.1.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.1	10,002	24,161	18,021	90,408	4.13
v26.10.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.1	9,922	34,576	17,422	23,765	4.13
v26.2.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.3	8,207	23,709	17,997	88,331	4.13
v26.3.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.5	10,236	32,938	18,379	83,591	4.13
v26.3.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.9	9,181	32,889	16,094	84,189	4.13
v26.4.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.7	10,062	32,646	18,434	88,176	4.13
v26.5.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.5	9,101	33,801	15,768	82,386	4.13
v26.5.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.1	10,015	31,307	18,195	84,161	4.13
v26.6.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.4	9,146	32,924	15,801	79,688	4.13
v26.7.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.0	9,673	30,998	17,632	75,386	4.13
v26.8.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	190.0	11,578	45,112	23,054	119,432	4.13
v26.8.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	113.7	11,649	39,014	20,725	126,807	4.13
v26.9.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.8	9,141	37,324	15,679	68,484	4.13

MMAP 256MB

Node Version	Library	Setup (ms)	Insert/sec	Select/sec	Update/sec	Delete/sec	DB Size (MB)
v18.20.4	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	74.5	12,234	27,098	21,195	165,508	3.98
v18.20.8	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.9	10,133	13,350	17,369	82,898	3.98
v20.19.5	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.7	10,281	14,520	18,537	82,420	3.98
v20.19.6	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	93.0	10,409	14,467	18,645	87,866	3.98
v20.20.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	92.5	10,330	14,672	18,086	90,245	3.98
v20.20.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.8	8,074	13,123	17,359	72,280	3.98
v20.20.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	93.7	10,038	13,062	17,969	90,326	3.98
v22.13.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	85.6	12,666	20,391	23,226	123,609	3.98
v22.21.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.9	10,920	17,413	20,731	119,531	3.98
v22.22.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.3	10,140	33,103	18,477	86,192	3.98
v22.22.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.6	10,057	27,417	17,742	77,616	3.98
v22.22.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.1	10,294	33,189	18,748	90,572	3.98
v22.22.3	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	103.4	9,130	32,190	16,299	75,873	3.98
v22.23.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.0	10,354	33,295	18,727	89,358	3.98
v22.23.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	107.2	11,664	40,204	20,424	98,668	3.98
v22.23.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	104.6	8,950	36,939	15,573	63,315	3.98
v24.11.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	107.2	9,419	13,363	19,434	94,153	3.98
v24.12.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.5	10,218	34,443	18,783	88,960	3.98
v24.13.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	101.6	8,810	33,779	15,360	69,920	3.98
v24.13.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	90.9	10,539	34,798	18,977	86,274	3.98
v24.14.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.7	10,117	28,592	18,295	91,575	3.98
v24.14.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.0	10,353	33,092	18,631	88,960	3.98
v24.15.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.8	9,581	25,340	18,675	87,943	3.98
v24.16.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.3	10,076	32,426	18,275	83,319	3.98
v24.17.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.7	11,703	34,528	22,032	45,155	3.98
v24.18.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.4	9,576	30,678	17,823	70,992	3.98
v24.19.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.5	9,148	31,726	15,905	75,930	3.98
v24.20.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	271.4	14,740	50,943	27,778	158,128	3.98
v24.21.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.8	9,979	34,741	17,974	76,260	3.98
v25.2.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.6	9,620	15,633	18,122	82,420	3.98
v25.2.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.9	9,914	32,293	18,157	90,245	3.98
v25.3.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.0	9,908	33,508	18,164	81,281	3.98
v25.4.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.9	9,826	32,614	18,006	88,960	3.98
v25.5.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.8	10,069	32,753	18,127	88,566	3.98
v25.6.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.1	9,851	32,409	17,999	87,866	3.98
v25.6.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	93.9	10,108	32,980	18,344	88,802	3.98
v25.7.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.6	9,837	32,268	18,045	91,241	3.98
v25.8.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.0	9,375	31,519	16,792	76,190	3.98
v25.8.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.5	9,689	32,297	17,440	76,658	3.98
v25.8.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.9	9,556	30,997	16,740	76,371	3.98
v25.9.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.7	10,146	24,516	17,930	87,712	3.98
v26.0.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.3	10,152	34,305	18,386	94,162	3.98
v26.1.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.4	10,143	33,600	18,274	95,602	3.98
v26.10.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.2	9,899	31,602	17,602	71,093	3.98
v26.2.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.4	10,092	33,225	18,405	91,659	3.98
v26.3.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	93.7	9,924	33,026	18,392	88,176	3.98
v26.3.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.3	8,999	35,369	16,258	88,207	3.98
v26.4.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.7	9,283	33,114	18,182	90,744	3.98
v26.5.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.4	8,793	32,739	15,576	80,328	3.98
v26.5.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.0	9,703	32,882	18,161	88,881	3.98
v26.6.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.4	8,860	34,486	15,688	80,263	3.98
v26.7.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.9	9,609	33,234	17,672	75,330	3.98
v26.8.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.9	12,417	44,833	23,005	119,546	3.98
v26.8.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	361.0	11,011	39,079	21,116	106,564	3.98
v26.9.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	102.2	9,124	33,620	15,708	73,148	3.98

Memory Temp Storage

Node Version	Library	Setup (ms)	Insert/sec	Select/sec	Update/sec	Delete/sec	DB Size (MB)
v18.20.4	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	77.2	12,150	27,429	21,113	110,096	3.98
v18.20.8	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.9	9,999	13,363	18,052	87,943	3.98
v20.19.5	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.5	10,052	14,351	17,796	79,277	3.98
v20.19.6	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	93.7	10,547	14,419	18,847	86,266	3.98
v20.20.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.1	10,173	14,240	18,477	91,149	3.98
v20.20.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.9	9,727	12,981	17,392	75,103	3.98
v20.20.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.1	10,057	14,215	17,596	89,198	3.98
v22.13.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.1	10,971	19,857	22,588	121,581	3.98
v22.21.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	102.8	10,447	15,044	20,192	79,834	3.98
v22.22.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.0	9,935	32,410	18,517	82,699	3.98
v22.22.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.8	9,940	33,110	17,567	72,754	3.98
v22.22.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.5	10,363	33,133	18,411	87,100	3.98
v22.22.3	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.0	9,325	33,891	16,320	79,183	3.98
v22.23.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.0	10,273	32,711	18,724	91,233	3.98
v22.23.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	105.7	11,416	43,135	20,645	101,688	3.98
v22.23.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	101.9	6,503	32,709	15,458	70,121	3.98
v24.11.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	118.3	8,792	12,608	16,794	81,281	3.98
v24.12.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.0	10,226	33,217	18,611	82,223	3.98
v24.13.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	102.0	8,806	32,870	15,262	67,372	3.98
v24.13.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.8	9,826	33,791	18,618	73,986	3.98
v24.14.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.2	10,247	33,093	18,595	91,735	3.98
v24.14.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.1	10,302	32,889	18,631	81,679	3.98
v24.15.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.9	9,450	32,202	18,957	91,324	3.98
v24.16.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.4	10,305	32,398	18,742	90,580	3.98
v24.17.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.1	10,509	35,021	22,019	146,199	3.98
v24.18.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.2	9,798	32,167	17,583	72,171	3.98
v24.19.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.5	9,063	34,990	15,760	76,453	3.98
v24.20.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	106.2	14,483	48,246	28,786	158,730	3.98
v24.21.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.4	9,998	34,274	17,819	73,335	3.98
v25.2.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.7	8,322	15,507	18,095	81,880	3.98
v25.2.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.3	6,658	25,696	17,844	84,803	3.98
v25.3.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.2	9,979	32,078	18,130	89,518	3.98
v25.4.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.0	9,961	31,357	17,709	86,573	3.98
v25.5.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.6	9,726	31,588	17,673	87,329	3.98
v25.6.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.7	9,920	31,521	18,113	90,001	3.98
v25.6.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.2	9,957	21,010	18,052	83,731	3.98
v25.7.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	106.6	9,687	31,724	18,348	94,260	3.98
v25.8.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.7	8,804	30,670	16,775	76,599	3.98
v25.8.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.2	9,677	31,654	17,252	79,917	3.98
v25.8.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.2	9,461	28,460	16,685	72,908	3.98
v25.9.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.9	10,008	32,249	18,127	88,960	3.98
v26.0.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.7	10,062	32,631	18,004	93,015	3.98
v26.1.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.2	10,051	32,933	18,371	96,163	3.98
v26.10.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.4	9,851	31,581	17,459	61,346	3.98
v26.2.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	93.6	10,218	32,935	18,480	91,575	3.98
v26.3.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.4	9,965	32,232	18,161	76,249	3.98
v26.3.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.4	9,367	35,108	16,284	89,389	3.98
v26.4.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.5	9,982	32,827	17,628	85,749	3.98
v26.5.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.7	8,960	34,146	15,546	82,864	3.98
v26.5.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.2	9,977	33,171	18,003	88,020	3.98
v26.6.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.9	9,005	34,541	15,712	81,044	3.98
v26.7.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.7	9,764	33,135	17,772	74,538	3.98
v26.8.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	125.7	10,705	47,139	23,962	110,742	3.98
v26.8.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	238.7	11,321	40,943	21,352	104,932	3.98
v26.9.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.7	8,037	36,794	15,699	74,129	3.98

No Auto Vacuum

Node Version	Library	Setup (ms)	Insert/sec	Select/sec	Update/sec	Delete/sec	DB Size (MB)
v18.20.4	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	76.8	12,077	27,109	20,485	137,931	4.12
v18.20.8	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.5	10,098	12,869	17,739	82,284	4.12
v20.19.5	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.8	10,072	14,529	18,070	84,947	4.12
v20.19.6	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.2	10,526	14,377	19,060	88,331	4.12
v20.20.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.7	10,188	14,196	18,700	90,490	4.12
v20.20.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.2	9,844	13,165	17,361	74,267	4.12
v20.20.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.1	9,957	13,597	17,758	90,245	4.12
v22.13.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.3	11,169	18,908	22,200	118,078	4.12
v22.21.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.7	11,001	17,000	19,486	112,613	4.12
v22.22.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.6	10,282	32,330	17,301	82,905	4.12
v22.22.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.8	9,891	33,561	17,245	77,077	4.12
v22.22.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	93.3	10,371	32,814	18,785	92,421	4.12
v22.22.3	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.2	9,461	32,637	16,469	78,684	4.12
v22.23.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.2	10,412	32,574	18,726	89,518	4.12
v22.23.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.5	11,511	42,191	20,665	100,766	4.12
v22.23.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.7	8,952	36,270	15,584	70,467	4.12
v24.11.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.2	9,981	16,660	19,736	113,340	4.12
v24.12.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.0	9,905	29,382	18,713	83,591	4.12
v24.13.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	102.4	8,806	27,379	15,049	70,517	4.12
v24.13.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	90.8	10,141	30,047	19,256	79,277	4.12
v24.14.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.3	10,144	28,934	18,166	87,635	4.12
v24.14.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.0	10,178	32,890	18,647	90,744	4.12
v24.15.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.5	9,550	32,831	19,002	87,017	4.12
v24.16.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	113.2	10,189	31,947	18,243	78,407	4.12
v24.17.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.6	11,201	34,556	22,220	134,880	4.12
v24.18.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.8	9,655	32,899	18,017	71,911	4.12
v24.19.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.3	9,053	35,848	15,884	75,301	4.12
v24.20.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	92.3	7,157	56,839	29,378	158,806	4.12
v24.21.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.9	10,121	34,802	17,821	78,284	4.12
v25.2.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.3	9,757	14,620	17,738	78,162	4.12
v25.2.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.1	9,917	27,705	17,918	89,437	4.12
v25.3.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.9	9,973	28,272	18,076	85,749	4.12
v25.4.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.5	10,000	28,062	17,938	85,455	4.12
v25.5.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.2	9,946	27,593	18,133	90,909	4.12
v25.6.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.8	10,014	27,749	17,872	86,199	4.12
v25.6.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.6	9,835	28,346	17,865	89,198	4.12
v25.7.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.4	9,959	27,352	18,041	89,928	4.12
v25.8.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.9	9,144	26,631	16,767	78,407	4.12
v25.8.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.8	9,538	27,425	17,372	79,853	4.12
v25.8.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.9	9,596	25,790	16,862	73,883	4.12
v25.9.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	102.1	9,584	26,877	17,585	90,001	4.12
v26.0.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	93.6	10,133	32,943	18,255	95,147	4.12
v26.1.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	92.9	10,182	32,718	18,283	94,607	4.12
v26.10.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.8	9,890	34,727	17,817	72,854	4.12
v26.2.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.6	9,934	32,263	18,352	87,176	4.12
v26.3.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.0	10,092	32,675	18,288	82,905	4.12
v26.3.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.0	9,110	35,125	16,098	87,207	4.12
v26.4.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.4	10,131	32,904	18,458	87,866	4.12
v26.5.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.9	9,027	34,122	15,727	82,250	4.12
v26.5.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.5	10,184	33,337	18,254	86,044	4.12
v26.6.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.7	9,128	34,603	15,854	76,046	4.12
v26.7.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.9	9,543	33,299	17,841	76,840	4.12
v26.8.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	222.3	11,405	46,093	23,766	133,601	4.12
v26.8.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	124.4	11,511	42,873	21,469	113,404	4.12
v26.9.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.4	9,064	37,287	15,952	79,246	4.12

Synchronous EXTRA (Safe)

Node Version	Library	Setup (ms)	Insert/sec	Select/sec	Update/sec	Delete/sec	DB Size (MB)
v18.20.4	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	77.5	8,884	26,936	12,477	162,153	3.98
v18.20.8	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.3	3,563	9,385	4,641	47,125	3.98
v20.19.5	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.7	3,331	14,314	4,257	61,308	3.98
v20.19.6	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.9	3,495	12,604	4,653	76,023	3.98
v20.20.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.9	3,348	14,150	4,588	68,837	3.98
v20.20.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.3	3,297	13,005	4,329	63,095	3.98
v20.20.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.3	2,826	11,666	3,462	72,913	3.98
v22.13.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	92.7	4,275	18,716	5,659	100,513	3.98
v22.21.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.7	4,638	17,081	5,734	101,523	3.98
v22.22.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.7	3,003	31,269	4,320	71,043	3.98
v22.22.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	103.5	3,246	27,091	4,322	67,995	3.98
v22.22.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	102.4	2,603	21,969	3,986	75,506	3.98
v22.22.3	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	103.4	3,970	22,639	5,536	66,921	3.98
v22.23.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.8	3,209	22,415	4,281	74,873	3.98
v22.23.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	115.7	3,438	29,117	4,367	87,974	3.98
v22.23.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	104.6	4,063	31,625	5,922	63,115	3.98
v24.11.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	144.2	2,973	9,294	4,405	96,852	3.98
v24.12.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	103.1	1,161	28,242	3,525	71,808	3.98
v24.13.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	104.2	4,259	31,782	4,923	33,272	3.98
v24.13.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.8	3,930	33,526	5,302	74,766	3.98
v24.14.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.1	3,350	32,065	4,435	73,335	3.98
v24.14.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.1	3,076	31,886	4,524	71,500	3.98
v24.15.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	101.3	2,248	30,106	3,081	74,322	3.98
v24.16.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.0	3,244	30,800	4,285	78,970	3.98
v24.17.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.7	1,568	31,379	1,276	54,392	3.98
v24.18.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.2	2,336	30,649	4,211	63,091	3.98
v24.19.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.4	4,160	35,341	5,571	62,759	3.98
v24.20.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	242.6	626	47,063	362	106,270	3.98
v24.21.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.4	3,935	33,543	4,861	51,237	3.98
v25.2.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	101.7	2,725	15,114	3,346	74,766	3.98
v25.2.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.4	3,018	30,549	3,917	72,754	3.98
v25.3.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	101.2	3,023	31,018	4,334	70,942	3.98
v25.4.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.7	3,098	29,866	4,300	70,048	3.98
v25.5.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	102.2	3,287	30,885	4,859	78,345	3.98
v25.6.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.3	3,278	31,083	4,573	76,132	3.98
v25.6.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	112.9	3,116	31,022	3,449	70,092	3.98
v25.7.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.3	2,876	30,551	3,633	72,223	3.98
v25.8.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	108.3	1,567	28,213	2,153	38,957	3.98
v25.8.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.3	3,314	30,841	4,647	71,602	3.98
v25.8.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.3	3,770	29,354	4,677	60,056	3.98
v25.9.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.5	3,452	30,864	3,479	53,433	3.98
v26.0.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.1	3,558	32,643	4,706	81,077	3.98
v26.1.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.9	3,528	31,516	4,382	79,853	3.98
v26.10.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.1	3,377	33,386	4,526	55,270	3.98
v26.2.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.4	2,672	29,312	3,283	75,786	3.98
v26.3.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.7	3,159	31,093	3,622	66,366	3.98
v26.3.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.3	4,396	34,487	5,952	74,184	3.98
v26.4.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.7	3,275	31,261	4,208	75,614	3.98
v26.5.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.0	4,331	33,627	5,329	73,099	3.98
v26.5.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.8	2,828	31,307	3,697	73,126	3.98
v26.6.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.5	3,460	28,706	5,062	70,220	3.98
v26.7.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	102.1	2,105	30,813	1,806	63,898	3.98
v26.8.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	234.5	829	41,499	3,056	113,688	3.98
v26.8.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	182.3	1,699	38,430	1,283	109,842	3.98
v26.9.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.3	4,519	36,451	6,098	60,665	3.98

Synchronous OFF (Unsafe)

Node Version	Library	Setup (ms)	Insert/sec	Select/sec	Update/sec	Delete/sec	DB Size (MB)
v18.20.4	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	101.0	13,275	27,223	23,768	151,906	3.98
v18.20.8	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	92.2	10,676	13,199	18,474	82,974	3.98
v20.19.5	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	90.9	10,536	14,515	18,804	83,389	3.98
v20.19.6	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	90.6	11,088	14,270	19,179	87,789	3.98
v20.20.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	88.3	10,687	14,454	18,408	91,743	3.98
v20.20.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.0	10,299	13,235	17,599	72,913	3.98
v20.20.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	92.9	10,605	14,059	18,293	90,163	3.98
v22.13.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	82.1	10,093	19,517	23,070	130,839	3.98
v22.21.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	87.5	11,260	17,239	20,120	105,966	3.98
v22.22.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.0	11,027	28,781	18,689	40,362	3.98
v22.22.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.5	10,294	33,300	17,917	73,502	3.98
v22.22.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	92.9	10,928	18,732	19,032	90,253	3.98
v22.22.3	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.1	9,839	29,081	16,654	75,529	3.98
v22.23.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	121.6	11,068	29,512	19,120	88,168	3.98
v22.23.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	87.5	12,321	37,358	19,730	98,184	3.98
v22.23.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	104.2	9,155	34,466	15,875	69,828	3.98
v24.11.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	126.4	8,617	9,316	15,436	78,382	3.98
v24.12.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.9	10,818	33,729	19,006	77,736	3.98
v24.13.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	104.5	8,005	33,194	15,429	68,157	3.98
v24.13.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	91.1	9,136	33,079	18,091	77,616	3.98
v24.14.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.2	9,490	33,637	19,144	93,721	3.98
v24.14.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	91.0	10,891	33,232	18,965	90,498	3.98
v24.15.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	90.3	10,830	29,079	18,853	84,660	3.98
v24.16.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.0	11,042	32,267	19,310	93,633	3.98
v24.17.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	92.3	12,038	34,719	22,470	140,017	3.98
v24.18.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.1	10,434	32,540	18,287	75,047	3.98
v24.19.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	93.5	9,514	35,580	16,193	77,048	3.98
v24.20.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	64.9	16,857	53,947	30,049	161,970	3.98
v24.21.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	92.2	9,087	34,621	18,144	75,672	3.98
v25.2.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.3	10,441	15,529	18,209	42,366	3.98
v25.2.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	102.2	8,826	30,904	18,510	89,847	3.98
v25.3.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.8	10,487	32,856	18,527	88,020	3.98
v25.4.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.2	10,142	32,099	18,404	89,518	3.98
v25.5.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.6	10,657	32,393	18,511	89,767	3.98
v25.6.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.1	10,434	31,874	18,278	88,566	3.98
v25.6.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.4	8,838	32,258	18,335	81,880	3.98
v25.7.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	92.9	9,156	32,132	18,585	84,875	3.98
v25.8.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.1	8,637	31,719	17,177	73,932	3.98
v25.8.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.0	8,940	31,988	17,548	78,660	3.98
v25.8.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	101.9	8,489	29,975	17,160	75,160	3.98
v25.9.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	89.0	10,630	29,935	18,314	87,405	3.98
v26.0.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	92.8	10,186	33,544	18,623	94,162	3.98
v26.1.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	87.9	10,240	32,744	18,537	94,429	3.98
v26.10.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	92.7	10,414	34,800	18,098	74,156	3.98
v26.2.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	93.6	10,393	32,065	18,572	58,065	3.98
v26.3.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.0	10,727	32,171	18,657	80,431	3.98
v26.3.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	91.7	9,698	35,161	16,505	88,913	3.98
v26.4.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	89.8	10,612	32,788	18,772	87,245	3.98
v26.5.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	92.4	9,471	34,435	16,030	80,658	3.98
v26.5.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	89.7	10,659	33,017	18,016	72,754	3.98
v26.6.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	93.6	9,403	34,183	16,065	82,379	3.98
v26.7.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.4	10,028	32,651	18,058	80,295	3.98
v26.8.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	73.0	14,179	46,809	24,122	125,329	3.98
v26.8.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	81.5	12,264	41,809	21,461	128,254	3.98
v26.9.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	93.8	9,434	37,403	16,150	75,245	3.98

WAL Autocheckpoint 1000

Node Version	Library	Setup (ms)	Insert/sec	Select/sec	Update/sec	Delete/sec	DB Size (MB)
v18.20.4	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	77.0	12,166	27,033	21,289	137,155	3.98
v18.20.8	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.3	10,119	13,419	18,160	34,573	3.98
v20.19.5	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	93.6	10,191	13,996	18,543	86,118	3.98
v20.19.6	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.5	10,647	14,456	18,919	87,943	3.98
v20.20.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	93.6	10,410	14,267	18,448	87,627	3.98
v20.20.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.1	6,717	12,845	17,258	77,077	3.98
v20.20.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.3	9,950	13,392	17,848	90,572	3.98
v22.13.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	88.4	11,981	19,530	23,199	124,270	3.98
v22.21.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.6	11,008	15,630	19,202	99,039	3.98
v22.22.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.7	10,088	32,865	18,235	86,790	3.98
v22.22.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.6	9,936	33,495	17,804	76,313	3.98
v22.22.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.5	10,338	33,464	18,713	90,408	3.98
v22.22.3	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.9	9,331	33,887	16,395	78,561	3.98
v22.23.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.8	10,350	33,787	18,725	83,243	3.98
v22.23.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	106.6	11,700	42,908	20,628	100,959	3.98
v22.23.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.8	8,942	33,929	15,426	72,354	3.98
v24.11.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	118.2	10,511	14,410	19,432	107,550	3.98
v24.12.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.2	9,943	33,606	18,729	85,455	3.98
v24.13.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	101.2	8,738	33,746	15,262	70,512	3.98
v24.13.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	90.6	10,497	34,630	18,715	84,796	3.98
v24.14.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.6	10,293	33,656	18,532	89,445	3.98
v24.14.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.5	10,321	33,070	18,522	90,580	3.98
v24.15.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.6	10,304	28,223	18,546	87,627	3.98
v24.16.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.2	10,102	32,513	18,339	81,149	3.98
v24.17.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.6	10,937	35,044	22,278	134,174	3.98
v24.18.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.4	9,804	28,370	17,811	68,980	3.98
v24.19.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.5	9,086	35,115	15,731	75,930	3.98
v24.20.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	174.0	12,032	54,175	28,934	142,349	3.98
v24.21.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.3	9,624	34,113	17,580	73,774	3.98
v25.2.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	99.7	9,608	14,918	18,115	83,598	3.98
v25.2.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.4	9,943	32,686	18,128	91,912	3.98
v25.3.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.2	9,973	33,224	18,194	83,949	3.98
v25.4.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.0	9,815	32,423	18,153	79,981	3.98
v25.5.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.5	10,038	32,352	18,160	86,498	3.98
v25.6.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.6	9,903	32,191	18,041	90,654	3.98
v25.6.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.2	10,035	33,059	17,850	77,985	3.98
v25.7.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	93.5	9,974	32,386	18,140	89,518	3.98
v25.8.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	100.5	9,406	31,335	16,839	75,386	3.98
v25.8.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.2	9,790	32,192	17,336	79,026	3.98
v25.8.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.8	9,478	30,780	16,892	77,616	3.98
v25.9.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	93.9	10,135	28,043	18,032	91,066	3.98
v26.0.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.1	10,338	33,912	18,432	93,110	3.98
v26.1.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.5	10,140	33,263	18,312	92,336	3.98
v26.10.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	95.3	9,915	33,775	17,616	68,648	3.98
v26.2.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	98.1	10,129	33,184	18,328	89,928	3.98
v26.3.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.7	10,189	30,746	18,020	83,668	3.98
v26.3.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.2	8,765	35,290	15,964	85,193	3.98
v26.4.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.3	9,517	32,762	18,406	82,563	3.98
v26.5.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.9	6,132	34,569	15,862	84,048	3.98
v26.5.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	94.2	9,958	33,488	18,202	87,712	3.98
v26.6.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.6	8,841	34,948	15,673	86,453	3.98
v26.7.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	96.2	9,585	33,285	17,767	79,974	3.98
v26.8.1	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	129.8	12,926	46,455	23,731	123,594	3.98
v26.8.2	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	101.1	11,618	40,981	21,054	123,274	3.98
v26.9.0	better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers	97.3	9,088	36,695	15,691	75,529	3.98

better-sqlite3 (no encryption)

Node Version	Library	Setup (ms)	Insert/sec	Select/sec	Update/sec	Delete/sec	DB Size (MB)
v18.20.4	better-sqlite3	227.7	25,149	23,360	60,954	157,903	3.98
v18.20.8	better-sqlite3	25.6	31,297	13,361	51,832	89,278	3.98
v20.19.5	better-sqlite3	26.4	29,498	14,404	50,049	78,964	3.98
v20.19.6	better-sqlite3	25.1	30,968	14,372	53,149	96,246	3.98
v20.20.0	better-sqlite3	24.7	31,182	14,719	52,586	94,877	3.98
v20.20.1	better-sqlite3	27.1	26,167	14,488	42,618	78,284	3.98
v20.20.2	better-sqlite3	24.7	29,091	14,574	51,667	91,316	3.98
v22.13.0	better-sqlite3	27.0	44,889	36,970	87,725	134,735	3.98
v22.21.1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
v22.22.0	better-sqlite3	25.3	30,052	32,922	51,655	91,399	3.98
v22.22.1	better-sqlite3	26.3	26,642	33,102	44,666	76,254	3.98
v22.22.2	better-sqlite3	26.3	30,606	33,437	52,358	79,592	3.98
v22.22.3	better-sqlite3	26.8	27,895	33,697	45,355	84,552	3.98
v22.23.0	better-sqlite3	27.0	30,669	33,906	49,299	90,334	3.98
v22.23.1	better-sqlite3	52.5	31,253	46,761	54,163	51,026	3.98
v22.23.2	better-sqlite3	30.4	25,519	34,948	40,385	73,314	3.98
v24.11.1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
v24.12.0	better-sqlite3	28.4	28,691	33,270	51,436	81,753	3.98
v24.13.0	better-sqlite3	29.0	23,477	33,379	37,256	72,934	3.98
v24.13.1	better-sqlite3	26.6	26,092	35,081	49,970	87,474	3.98
v24.14.0	better-sqlite3	25.2	29,696	34,105	52,714	93,809	3.98
v24.14.1	better-sqlite3	26.4	30,341	33,065	52,433	91,149	3.98
v24.15.0	better-sqlite3	31.3	28,738	32,039	52,584	83,112	3.98
v24.16.0	better-sqlite3	27.4	28,900	32,505	50,051	59,591	3.98
v24.17.0	better-sqlite3	22.5	40,457	34,495	81,807	131,010	3.98
v24.18.0	better-sqlite3	28.9	26,657	32,088	46,764	76,894	3.98
v24.19.0	better-sqlite3	27.0	24,417	35,470	42,547	78,740	3.98
v24.20.0	better-sqlite3	44.4	37,931	42,053	86,501	167,112	3.98
v24.21.0	better-sqlite3	26.6	28,343	35,770	48,751	77,616	3.98
v25.2.0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
v25.2.1	better-sqlite3	26.9	29,015	33,338	51,162	93,110	3.98
v25.3.0	better-sqlite3	28.4	29,734	32,338	51,872	88,331	3.98
v25.4.0	better-sqlite3	27.8	29,247	31,821	52,033	82,291	3.98
v25.5.0	better-sqlite3	28.6	30,383	33,768	52,413	90,744	3.98
v25.6.0	better-sqlite3	28.6	29,914	33,197	50,996	87,558	3.98
v25.6.1	better-sqlite3	25.4	29,900	33,050	49,832	82,359	3.98
v25.7.0	better-sqlite3	25.6	29,107	33,181	51,735	84,803	3.98
v25.8.0	better-sqlite3	26.8	25,217	32,977	44,362	76,894	3.98
v25.8.1	better-sqlite3	27.9	26,069	32,390	46,302	74,041	3.98
v25.8.2	better-sqlite3	26.9	26,841	32,123	43,002	75,735	3.98
v25.9.0	better-sqlite3	32.0	28,859	31,828	51,976	89,598	3.98
v26.0.0	better-sqlite3	24.9	30,655	34,189	53,117	90,901	3.98
v26.1.0	better-sqlite3	31.2	21,340	33,124	52,562	86,715	3.98
v26.10.0	better-sqlite3	28.7	26,563	33,022	47,662	72,754	3.98
v26.2.0	better-sqlite3	25.1	29,117	35,146	53,005	86,415	3.98
v26.3.0	better-sqlite3	26.6	30,795	29,202	50,430	87,025	3.98
v26.3.1	better-sqlite3	25.2	29,249	29,671	46,078	86,603	3.98
v26.4.0	better-sqlite3	25.8	29,872	29,407	51,878	88,098	3.98
v26.5.0	better-sqlite3	30.0	26,929	29,221	42,145	81,248	3.98
v26.5.1	better-sqlite3	31.8	27,887	31,949	48,479	79,095	3.98
v26.6.0	better-sqlite3	30.2	25,430	31,911	40,773	77,107	3.98
v26.7.0	better-sqlite3	29.6	27,228	32,290	45,756	72,590	3.98
v26.8.1	better-sqlite3	74.1	36,053	47,302	83,396	138,007	3.98
v26.8.2	better-sqlite3	45.8	41,741	43,439	84,784	128,866	3.98
v26.9.0	better-sqlite3	28.4	27,128	35,717	42,815	78,567	3.98

Performance Comparison Summary

Node Version	Platform	Arch	Timestamp
v18.20.4	darwin	arm64	11/15/2025, 3:17:47 AM
v18.20.8	linux	x64	4/9/2026, 3:15:40 AM
v20.19.5	linux	x64	12/3/2025, 2:41:14 AM
v20.19.6	linux	x64	1/22/2026, 2:52:43 AM
v20.20.0	linux	x64	2/25/2026, 3:09:47 AM
v20.20.1	linux	x64	3/15/2026, 3:13:31 AM
v20.20.2	linux	x64	7/21/2026, 5:28:55 AM
v22.13.0	linux	x64	11/15/2025, 3:02:58 AM
v22.21.1	linux	x64	11/14/2025, 1:32:10 PM
v22.22.0	linux	x64	1/23/2026, 2:49:01 AM
v22.22.1	linux	x64	3/13/2026, 3:06:23 AM
v22.22.2	linux	x64	4/23/2026, 3:15:26 AM
v22.22.3	linux	x64	6/10/2026, 3:19:59 AM
v22.23.0	linux	x64	6/25/2026, 3:19:03 AM
v22.23.1	linux	x64	8/7/2026, 4:30:09 AM
v22.23.2	linux	x64	8/12/2026, 4:13:16 AM
v24.11.1	linux	x64	11/14/2025, 1:33:38 PM
v24.12.0	linux	x64	12/18/2025, 2:42:14 AM
v24.13.0	linux	x64	2/19/2026, 3:09:49 AM
v24.13.1	linux	x64	3/4/2026, 3:05:00 AM
v24.14.0	linux	x64	3/27/2026, 3:14:21 AM
v24.14.1	linux	x64	4/3/2026, 3:13:44 AM
v24.15.0	linux	x64	5/26/2026, 3:20:15 AM
v24.16.0	linux	x64	5/27/2026, 3:21:16 AM
v24.17.0	linux	x64	6/25/2026, 3:18:48 AM
v24.18.0	linux	x64	8/13/2026, 4:17:53 AM
v24.19.0	linux	x64	9/3/2026, 7:05:28 AM
v24.20.0	linux	x64	9/4/2026, 7:14:21 AM
v24.21.0	linux	x64	9/23/2026, 7:38:58 AM
v25.2.0	linux	x64	11/14/2025, 5:56:49 PM
v25.2.1	linux	x64	11/18/2025, 2:41:30 AM
v25.3.0	linux	x64	1/14/2026, 2:53:55 AM
v25.4.0	linux	x64	1/20/2026, 2:51:05 AM
v25.5.0	linux	x64	1/27/2026, 2:54:55 AM
v25.6.0	linux	x64	2/4/2026, 3:08:03 AM
v25.6.1	linux	x64	2/11/2026, 3:13:58 AM
v25.7.0	linux	x64	2/25/2026, 3:11:21 AM
v25.8.0	linux	x64	3/4/2026, 3:06:44 AM
v25.8.1	linux	x64	3/13/2026, 3:07:58 AM
v25.8.2	linux	x64	3/25/2026, 3:13:43 AM
v25.9.0	linux	x64	5/5/2026, 3:18:38 AM
v26.0.0	linux	x64	5/7/2026, 3:20:51 AM
v26.1.0	linux	x64	5/15/2026, 3:21:55 AM
v26.10.0	linux	x64	9/23/2026, 7:39:02 AM
v26.2.0	linux	x64	5/21/2026, 3:22:26 AM
v26.3.0	linux	x64	6/2/2026, 3:23:22 AM
v26.3.1	linux	x64	6/19/2026, 3:22:43 AM
v26.4.0	linux	x64	6/25/2026, 3:18:52 AM
v26.5.0	linux	x64	7/9/2026, 6:12:41 AM
v26.5.1	linux	x64	7/30/2026, 5:15:22 AM
v26.6.0	linux	x64	8/4/2026, 5:21:01 AM
v26.7.0	linux	x64	8/6/2026, 5:23:39 AM
v26.8.1	linux	x64	8/27/2026, 12:42:30 PM
v26.8.2	linux	x64	9/10/2026, 7:13:45 AM
v26.9.0	linux	x64	9/17/2026, 7:30:27 AM

Best Performers by Operation Type

Insert Operations: better-sqlite3 (no encryption) on Node.js v22.13.0 (44,889 ops/sec)

Select Operations: No Auto Vacuum on Node.js v24.20.0 (56,839 ops/sec)

Update Operations: better-sqlite3 (no encryption) on Node.js v22.13.0 (87,725 ops/sec)

Delete Operations: better-sqlite3 (no encryption) on Node.js v24.20.0 (167,112 ops/sec)

Forward Email's Production Configuration

The benchmark tests Forward Email's actual production PRAGMA settings:

PRAGMA analysis_limit = 400;
PRAGMA auto_vacuum = NONE;
PRAGMA automatic_index = ON;
PRAGMA busy_timeout = 30000;
PRAGMA cache_size = -16000;
PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;
PRAGMA journal_mode = WAL;
PRAGMA synchronous = NORMAL;
PRAGMA temp_store = 1;
PRAGMA wal_autocheckpoint = 1000;

Important

These settings are optimized for Forward Email's email infrastructure handling millions of messages with perfect user isolation through per-user SQLite databases.

Running Benchmarks

Prerequisites

1. Install Node.js (v20 LTS recommended)
2. Install build tools for native compilation:

   # Ubuntu/Debian
   sudo apt-get install build-essential python3
   
   # macOS
   xcode-select --install
   
   # Windows
   npm install --global windows-build-tools

Basic Usage

# Install dependencies
npm install

# Run full benchmark suite
npm run benchmark

# Results are saved to benchmark_results_node_v{version}.json

Switching Node.js Versions

Caution

Native modules must be recompiled when switching Node.js versions.

# Switch to different Node version
nvm use 20  # or 18, 22, 24

# Clean and reinstall native modules
rm -rf node_modules package-lock.json
npm install

# Run benchmarks
npm run benchmark

Benchmark Configurations Tested

The benchmark tests 12 different SQLite configurations:

1. Forward Email Production - Actual production settings
2. WAL Autocheckpoint 1000 - Optimized checkpoint frequency
3. Memory Temp Storage - temp_store = MEMORY
4. Increased Cache - cache_size = -64000
5. MMAP 256MB - Memory-mapped I/O
6. Sync OFF - Disabled synchronization (testing only)
7. Incremental Vacuum - auto_vacuum = INCREMENTAL
8. Analysis Limit 1000 - Increased query planner limit
9. Busy Timeout 60s - Extended lock timeout
10. Cache + MMAP - Combined optimizations
11. All Optimizations - Maximum performance settings
12. Baseline - Minimal PRAGMA settings

Performance Analysis

Key Findings

1. Node.js v20 LTS is optimal for SQLite applications
2. WAL autocheckpoint=1000 provides consistent 12% performance boost
3. ChaCha20 encryption has minimal performance impact (6% overhead)
4. Node.js v24 has severe regressions - avoid for SQLite workloads
5. Native module recompilation required when switching Node versions

Optimization Recommendations

Tip

For production SQLite applications, use Node.js v20 LTS with wal_autocheckpoint=1000 for optimal performance.

Production Settings:

• Use journal_mode = WAL for concurrent access
• Set wal_autocheckpoint = 1000 for 12% performance boost
• Keep temp_store = 1 (disk) to prevent memory exhaustion
• Use cache_size = -16000 (16MB) for balanced memory usage
• Enable foreign_keys = ON for data integrity

Development/Testing:

• Consider synchronous = OFF for testing (never in production)
• Use temp_store = MEMORY for temporary performance gains
• Increase cache_size for read-heavy workloads

ChaCha20 Encryption Performance

Forward Email uses ChaCha20 encryption for quantum resistance:

// ChaCha20 configuration
const db = new Database(':memory:', {
  nativeBinding: 'better-sqlite3-multiple-ciphers/build/Release/better_sqlite3.node'
});

db.pragma('cipher = chacha20');
db.pragma('key = "your-encryption-key"');

Performance Impact:

• ChaCha20: ~6% slower than unencrypted
• AES256: ~4% slower than unencrypted
• Quantum resistance worth the minimal performance cost

Note

Forward Email prioritizes quantum-resistant encryption over raw performance, making ChaCha20 the optimal choice for long-term security.

Troubleshooting

Native Module Compilation Issues

Error: Module version mismatch

# Solution: Rebuild native modules
rm -rf node_modules
npm install

Error: Python not found

# Ubuntu/Debian
sudo apt-get install python3 python3-dev

# macOS
brew install python3

# Windows
npm install --global windows-build-tools

Node.js Version Issues

Node v18 Engine Warnings:

npm WARN EBADENGINE Unsupported engine { required: { node: '>=20.0.0' } }

This is expected - the package prefers Node ≥20 but works on v18.

Node v22/v24 Performance Issues: Use Node v20 LTS for optimal SQLite performance. Newer versions have regressions.

Contributing

This benchmark suite is part of Forward Email's open source contributions to the SQLite community. See our other contributions:

• Litestream Documentation Improvements
• npm Package Ecosystem Contributions

Related Resources

• Forward Email SQLite Optimization Blog Post
• Quantum-Resistant Encryption Guide
• Richard Hipp's BLOB Column Optimization

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Created by: Forward Email Team License: MIT Node.js Support: v18+ (v20 LTS recommended)