An evidence-backed knowledge base for critical minerals and materials, with microbial extraction, transformation, and recovery mechanisms alongside their wider resource and material context.
The knowledge base provides a LinkML schema, an offline strict validator, tests, CI, and a growing reviewed corpus. Each record has a timestamped scientific review; synthetic test fixtures remain separate.
The catalogue currently contains 662 material records.
The latest curation report links the new records, independent reviews, source dossiers and remaining evidence gaps.
| Material record | Curated evidence | Evidence boundary |
|---|---|---|
| Bario-orthojoaquinite | Natural Benitoite Gem Mine Ba-Ti-Fe cyclosilicate identity (IMA:1979-081), EMPA/ion-probe chemistry, and orthorhombic Ccmm/Cc2m/Ccm21 cell |
Calculated H2O (1.3 wt%) and site-split Ba/Sr occupancy kept distinct from titanium or barium extraction |
| Behoite | Natural Rode Ranch orthorhombic beta-Be(OH)2 identity (IMA:1969-031), wet-chemical analysis, P212121 cell, and DuPont 900 DTA |
Two-step endothermic dehydroxylation (~265, ~290, peak 310 °C) is analytical characterization, not beryllium extraction |
| Calciohilairite | Natural Golden Horn hydrated Ca-Zr silicate identity (IMA:1984-023), 6-point EMPA chemistry, and trigonal R32 cell |
H2O by difference (16.0 wt%) and a = 20.870 Å supercell vs 10.415 Å subcell kept distinct from zirconium recovery |
| Cassidyite | Natural Wolf Creek crater hydrated Ca-Ni phosphate identity (IMA:1966-024), wet-chemical analysis (Ni0.55Mg0.45), and triclinic P-1 cell |
Meteoritic schreibersite weathering origin and Ni-Mg solid solution (3:2 to 3:7) kept distinct from nickel smelting |
| Coconinoite | Natural Colorado Plateau Fe-Al uranyl phosphate-sulfate hydrate identity (IMA:1965-003), microchemical analyses, and 11.05 Å basal XRD |
Reversible 135 °C dehydration (8.49 Å) and 22–982 °C TGA/DTA H2O/SO3 loss kept distinct from uranium milling |
| Dissakisite-(Ce) | Natural Balchen Mountain Mg-dominant Ce epidote-group identity (IMA:1990-004), EMPA chemistry, and monoclinic P21/m cell |
Calculated H2O (1.56 wt%) and granulite-facies marble paragenesis kept distinct from rare-earth separation |
| Franciscanite | Natural Pennsylvania mine Mn-V5+ welinite-group silicate identity (IMA:1985-038), EMPA/TGA chemistry, and trigonal P-3/P3 cell |
TGA H2O loss (3.67 wt% at 340–570 °C) and [V0.98[]1.02] vacancy ordering kept distinct from vanadium leaching |
| Lucasite-(Ce) | Natural Argyle AK1 lamproite Ce-Ti oxide-hydroxide identity (IMA:1986-020), EMPA chemistry, and monoclinic I2/a structure (R = 0.054) |
Table 1 Pr2O3 misprint (0.62 vs 5.62 wt%) and calculated H2O (3.12 wt%) explicitly preserved |
| Manganokhomyakovite | Natural Poudrette quarry Na-Sr-Ca-Mn-Zr-W eudialyte-group identity (IMA:1998-043), WDS chemistry, and trigonal R3m cell |
Essential Mn2+ at M(1) and W6+ at M(3) kept distinct from tungsten or zirconium processing |
| Metazellerite | Natural Lucky Mc mine lower-hydrate calcium uranyl carbonate identity (IMA:1965-032), orthorhombic Pbn21/Pbnm cell, and precession XRD |
Topotactic dehydration of zellerite (1065.4 to 879.5 Å3, 6.9 wt% H2O- at 110 °C) kept distinct from carbonate leaching |
| Olmsteadite | Natural Big Chief / Hesnard K-Fe-Nb-Ta phosphate hydrate identity (IMA:1974-034), EMPA chemistry, and orthorhombic Pb21m structure (R = 0.037) |
Site-refined Nb0.71Ta0.29 substitution and late triphylite alteration paragenesis kept distinct from Nb/Ta recovery |
| Petscheckite | Natural Antsakoa I metamict U4+-Fe-Nb-Ta oxide identity (IMA:1975-038), wet-chemical analysis, and ~650 °C trigonal P-31m recrystallization |
Laboratory 650 °C annealing and 1000 °C disproportionation of hydroxy-petscheckite to uranpyrochlore kept distinct from U/Nb extraction |
| Titanowodginite | Natural Tanco pegmatite Mn-Ti-Ta wodginite-group oxide identity (IMA:1984-008), EMPA chemistry, and monoclinic C2/c cell |
Ordered A = Mn2+, B = Ti4+, C = Ta5+ site dominance kept distinct from tantalite mineral processing |
| Virgilite | Natural Macusani glass stuffed beta-quartz lithium aluminosilicate identity (IMA:1977-009), EMPA/ion-probe chemistry, and hexagonal P6222/P6422 cell |
Solid-solution Li0.61(Si2.37Al0.60Fe0.02P0.01)O6 (61 mol% LiAlSi2O6) kept distinct from spodumene roasting |
| Widgiemoolthalite | Natural 132 North mine hydrated nickel hydroxy-carbonate identity (IMA:1992-006), EMPA/CHN chemistry, and monoclinic P21/c cell |
Supergene gaspeite weathering origin and 102.9 wt% analytical sum on fibrous material kept distinct from Ni hydrometallurgy |
| Zektzerite | Natural Golden Horn batholith Na-Li-Zr cyclosilicate identity (IMA:1976-034), EMPA/flame-photometry chemistry, and orthorhombic Cmca/C2ca cell |
Anhydrous Penfield verification (0.00 wt% H2O) and tuhualite-osumilite structural relationship retained |
| Burtite | Natural El Hamman calcium hexahydroxostannate identity (IMA:1980-078), EMPA chemistry, and pseudo-cubic Pn3m / rhombohedral R-3 cell |
Calculated H2O (20.2 wt%) and slow cold dilute HCl dissolution kept distinct from cassiterite smelting |
| Cabalzarite | Natural Falotta calcium-magnesium-aluminum arsenate identity (IMA:1997-012), WDS chemistry, and monoclinic C2/m structure (R1 = 1.80%) |
Dry-N2 TGA dehydration (640–700 °C, ~6 wt% H2O) is analytical characterization, not arsenic or magnesium extraction |
| Cabriite | Natural Oktyabr'sk palladium-copper-tin intermetallic identity (IMA:1981-057), EMPA stoichiometry (Pd2CuSn), and orthorhombic Pmmm cell |
Holotype intergrowth with polarite/sobolevskite/sperrylite and synthetic Pd2SnCu XRD match retained |
| Coutinhoite | Natural Lavra Urucum thorium-barium uranyl silicate hydrate identity (IMA:2003-025), 55-point WDS chemistry, and orthorhombic Cmmb cell |
Variable Th:Ba occupancy (Th_xBa_(1-2x)) and H2O by difference (4.96 wt%) kept distinct from uranium milling |
| Falcondoite | Natural Loma Peguera nickel-magnesium hydrous phyllosilicate identity (IMA:1976-018), sepiolite-group XRD, and DTA-TGA dehydration |
Four-stage H2O loss (25–850 °C, 15.1 wt%), ~850–1000 °C orthopyroxene recrystallization, and 0.24% Ni 1 M MgCl2 leach retained |
| Ferrotitanowodginite | Natural San Elías / La Viquita iron-titanium tantalum oxide identity (IMA:1998-028), WDS stoichiometry, and monoclinic C2/c cell |
Calculated Fe2+/Fe3+ charge balance and Ti4+ > Sn4+ B-site dominance kept distinct from tantalite processing |
| Ferrowodginite | Natural Sukula pegmatite iron-tin tantalum oxide identity (IMA:1984-006), EDS microprobe chemistry, and monoclinic C2/c cell |
Ordered A = Fe2+, B = Sn4+, C = Ta5+ cation distribution kept distinct from cassiterite/tantalite extraction |
| Fetiasite | Natural Pizzo Cervandone / Binntal iron-titanium pyroarsenite identity (IMA:1991-019), EMPA/titration chemistry, and monoclinic P21/m structure (R = 0.023–0.029) |
Mixed-valence (Fe2+,Fe3+,Ti)3O2(As3+2O5) stoichiometry and [As2O5]4- diarsenite group retained |
| Gatelite-(Ce) | Natural Trimouns calcium-REE-aluminum epidote-törnebohmite polysome identity (IMA:2001-050), WDS chemistry, and monoclinic P21/a refinement (Robs = 4.65%) |
Modular ET polysomatic stacking and [SiO4]4-/[Si2O7]6- groups retained; no extraction mechanism |
| Khomyakovite | Natural Poudrette quarry Na-Sr-Ca-Fe-Zr-W eudialyte-group identity (IMA:1998-042), WDS chemistry, and trigonal R3m structure (R1 = 0.049) |
Essential W6+ at the octahedral M(3) ring-center site kept distinct from scheelite/wolframite recovery |
| Kimrobinsonite | Natural Mt. Holland tantalum-niobium hydroxide-oxide-carbonate identity (IMA:1983-023), EMPA/CHN chemistry, and primitive cubic cell (a = 3.812(1) Å) |
Correction for ~28% admixed cesstibtantite (8.9 wt% H2O, 4.2 wt% CO2) and supergene weathering origin retained |
| Kimuraite-(Y) | Natural Kirigo calcium-yttrium carbonate hexahydrate identity (IMA:1984-073), ICP-AES/gravimetric chemistry, and orthorhombic Imm2/Immm cell |
Two-stage DTA-TGA/FTIR dehydration (60–400 °C, 18.32 wt% H2O) and decarbonation (400–750 °C, 29.13 wt% CO2) kept distinct from Y extraction |
| Liandratite | Natural Antsakoa I metamict uranium niobate-tantalate identity (IMA:1975-039), EMPA chemistry, and ~650–1000 °C trigonal P-31m recrystallization |
Metamict state and laboratory annealing to U6+(Nb,Ta)2O8 (P-31m, a = 6.36, c = 4.01 Å) kept distinct from U/Nb milling |
| Manganokukisvumite | Natural Poudrette / Kukisvumchorr sodium-manganese-titanium chain silicate identity (IMA:2002-029), WDS chemistry, and orthorhombic Pccn cell |
Calculated H2O (6.25 wt% for 4 H2O) and Mn-for-Zn substitution on kukisvumite framework retained |
| Margaritasite | Natural Margaritas deposit cesium-uranyl divanadate hydrate identity (IMA:1980-093), EMPA/wet-chemical analyses, and monoclinic P21/a cell |
Hydrothermal 200 °C 0.1 M CsCl ion-exchange conversion of natural carnotite (10.67–12.83 wt% Cs2O) kept distinct from ore leaching |
| Petersenite-(Ce) | Natural Poudrette quarry sodium-REE carbonate identity (IMA:1992-048), WDS chemistry, and monoclinic P21 structure |
Calculated CO2, 1:1 vs 2:1 Na:REE stoichiometry vs remondite-(Ce), and cold-HCl effervescence kept distinct from extraction |
| Lukechangite-(Ce) | Natural Poudrette quarry sodium-REE fluorocarbonate identity (IMA:1996-033), WDS chemistry, and hexagonal P63/mmc structure |
Perfect {0001} cleavage, calculated CO2, and structural isomorphism with synthetic Na3La2(CO3)4F retained |
| Qaqarssukite-(Ce) | Natural Qaqarssuk carbonatite barium-REE fluorocarbonate identity (IMA:2004-019), WDS chemistry, and trigonal P-3c1 structure |
Reversed Ba/Ce layer ordering vs huanghoite-(Ce) and calculated CO2 retained; no extraction mechanism |
| Calkinsite-(Ce) | Natural Bearpaw Mountains hydrated REE carbonate identity (1987 s.p.), wet-chemical/XRF analysis, and orthorhombic P21221 cell |
Admixed barite/ancylite deduction and Table 5 La2O3 mole-ratio misprint (0.608 vs 0.0608) explicitly preserved |
| Horváthite-(Y) | Natural Poudrette quarry sodium-yttrium fluorocarbonate identity (IMA:1996-032), WDS chemistry, and orthorhombic Pmcn structure |
Calculated CO2 and slow ambient 1:1 HCl effervescence kept distinct from metallurgical recovery |
| Sheldrickite | Natural sodium-calcium fluorocarbonate hydrate identity (IMA:1996-019), trigonal P32 structure, and N2 TGA dehydration |
Single-step 160–265 °C (5.61 wt% H2O) dehydration and >350 °C breakdown are analytical, not F recovery |
| Sabinaite | Natural Francon/Mont Saint-Hilaire sodium-zirconium-titanium oxycarbonate identity (IMA:1978-071), C2/c refinement, and DTA-TGA decarbonation |
Revised Na4Zr2TiO4(CO3)4 stoichiometry and two-stage 28.1 wt% CO2 loss to cubic/monoclinic ZrO2 preserved |
| Gaidonnayite | Natural Mont Saint-Hilaire hydrated sodium zirconosilicate identity (IMA:1973-008), P21nb structure, and thermal transformation to Na2ZrSi3O9 |
Corrected O(5) coordinate (y = 0.0149), dimorphism with catapleiite, and irreversible 9.25 wt% H2O loss retained |
| Gittinsite | Natural Kipawa/Strange Lake calcium zirconosilicate identity (IMA:1979-034), WDS chemistry, and monoclinic C2 refinement |
Intergrowth with apophyllite/eudialyte and non-centrosymmetric thortveitite-like topology preserved |
| Lemoynite | Natural Mont Saint-Hilaire hydrated Na-Ca zirconosilicate identity (IMA:1968-013), C2/c tunnel refinement, and channel dehydration |
Revised 6H2O vs 5H2O stoichiometry and 135–200 °C dehydration with unchanged XRD framework retained |
| Natrolemoynite | Natural Poudrette quarry hydrated sodium zirconosilicate identity (IMA:1996-063), WDS/TGA chemistry, and monoclinic C2/m structure |
Split tunnel Na/water sites and revision of the lemoynite group to [ZrSi5O13]2- hexameric rings preserved |
| Weloganite | Natural Francon quarry Na-Sr-Zr carbonate hydrate identity (IMA:1967-042), triclinic P1 refinement, and three-stage DTA-TGA decomposition |
Essential Na omitted in 1968 analysis (Na2Sr3Zr(CO3)6·3H2O) and thermal breakdown to SrCO3 + SrZrO3 preserved |
| Bijvoetite-(Y) | Natural Shinkolobwe uranyl-REE carbonate hydrate identity (1987 s.p.), WDS chemistry, and monoclinic B1211 sheet structure |
Revision from orthorhombic C2ma to [(UO2)4O2(OH)2(CO3)4(Y,REE)2(H2O)7]·4H2O and M2 Ln splitting retained |
| Retzian-(Nd) | Natural Sterling Hill Mn-REE arsenate identity (1982 s.p.), holotype NMNH 143762 EMPA chemistry, and orthorhombic Pban cell |
Nd>Ce>La zoning vs retzian-(La) and calculated H2O stoichiometry retained; no extraction mechanism |
| Okanoganite-(Y) | Natural Golden Horn batholith REE-Y-Ca-Na-Fe fluoro-borosilicate identity (1987 s.p.) and 2004 EMPA-SIMS-SREF R3m refinement |
Light-element SIMS (B, Be, Li, H) and revised [Si4B2O18]18- modular vicanite-group formula preserved |
| Electrical steel | U.S. DOE 2023 Critical Material commodity identity and USGS ferrosilicon/steel supply-chain context | Non-microbial alloy commodity; distinct from elemental silicon and bulk carbon steel |
| Silicon carbide | U.S. DOE 2023 Critical Material commodity identity and USGS manufactured-abrasive/semiconductor context | Manufactured abrasive/semiconductor commodity kept distinct from natural moissanite |
| Synthetic graphite | U.S. critical-mineral commodity identity and USGS Minerals Yearbook domestic shipment/trade context | Manufactured graphite kept distinct from natural graphite and unquantified anode recycling |
| Bainbridgeite-(NdCe) | Natural carbonate identity, WDS chemistry, and triclinic P1 structure | Rim/core XRD domain overlap and calculated volatiles; no extraction mechanism |
| Piilonenite-(Nd) | Natural sodium-neodymium carbonate identity (IMA:2025-031 / 2025-031b) and hydrated layered chemistry |
Chemical analogy to adamsite-(Y) and shomiokite-(Y) retained; no extraction mechanism |
| Mckelveyite-(Y) | Original 1965 Wyoming description and 2008 Val Malenco monoclinic 2M polytype structure | Pseudotrigonal twinning, BaCO3 admixture, and 1A vs 2M polytypism kept distinct from recovery |
| Adamsite-(Y) | Natural sodium-yttrium carbonate identity, triclinic P-1 structure, and TGA/DTG dehydration | Partial decarbonation to unindexed oxycarbonate residue is analytical, not recovery |
| Thomasclarkite-(Y) | Natural sodium-yttrium bicarbonate identity, monoclinic P2 structure, and TG/DTG decomposition | Disordered bicarbonate groups and stoichiometric CO2/H2O partition retained |
| Petrukite | Natural Cu-Fe-Zn-Sn-In sulfide identity, WDS chemistry, and orthorhombic Pmn21 superstructure | Coupled In-Zn substitution and open boundary with sakuraiite; no processing claim |
| Ferrokësterite | Natural Cligga mine Cu2FeSnS4 sulfide identity, WDS chemistry, and tetragonal I-4 cell | Polymorphism with stannite and solid solution with kësterite retained |
| Sakuraiite | Natural Ikuno mine (Cu,Zn,Fe)3(In,Sn)S4 re-examination and coupled substitution | Corrected low Ag content and open holotype X-ray crystallography noted |
| Ammonioborite | Natural Larderello ammonium borate identity, cold-water sassolite separation, and 1971 pentadecaborate formula | Historical 1933 oxide formula, 1971 (NH4)3B15O20(OH)8(H2O)4 revision, and negative 20–30 °C synthesis retained |
| Weeksite | Natural potassium uranyl silicate identity (1962 s.p.) and 150 °C sealed-Pyrex hydrothermal synthesis |
Historical 6SiO2 vs modern Si5O13 stoichiometry and qualitative synthesis yield boundary preserved |
| Richetite | Natural Shinkolobwe lead uranyl oxide hydrate identity and triclinic P1 structure | Disordered interlayer Pb/Fe/Mg sites and paywalled 2017 refinement boundary noted |
| Ezcurrite | Natural borate identity and laboratory thermal observations | Inferred reactions and unidentified products remain qualified |
| Rivadavite | Natural borate identity and laboratory thermal observations | Later atomic structure note remains inaccessible |
| Caysichite-(Y) | Original Canadian identity and separate thermal experiments | Later Russian material has unresolved species equivalence |
| Kuliokite-(Y) | Natural material and crystal characterization | Site interpretation is distinct from REE separation |
| Uranopilite | Natural identity and structural evidence | Hydrogen inference and published/deposited model differences retained |
| Zippeite | Natural identity and powder diffraction evidence | Natural K2/four-water species distinguished from synthetic K3 material |
| Titanite | Laboratory hydrochloric-acid decomposition of mixed concentrate | Feed, preparation and analytical ambiguities preclude quantified yield |
| Lorenzenite | Natural crystal identity and structure | Ramsayite is a synonym; no processing mechanism inferred |
| Ameghinite | Natural borate identity and thermal observations | Distinct synthetic polymorph and inferred reactions remain separate |
| Aristarainite | Natural borate identity and structure | Historical hydration formula revised by structural evidence |
| Calcioburbankite | Natural carbonate identity and diffraction evidence | Distinct from burbankite and unresolved formation-study leads |
| Gysinite-(Nd) | Natural neodymium carbonate identity | Revised type-locality provenance retained |
| Andersonite | Natural identity and laboratory thermal alteration | Ideal versus refined hydration and radiation-label discrepancy preserved |
| Rutherfordine | Natural identity and synthetic carbonate preparation | Product characterization kept separate from recovery yield |
| Tin-copper solder | Commercial product and culture-associated leaching | Feed, strain, biomass and control uncertainty retained |
| Spent ITO targets | Solid secondary feed and laboratory chloride separation | Missing supplementary assays preclude quantitative expansion |
| Kaliborite | Natural borate identity and abiotic thermal alteration | Distinct specimens and conflicting amorphous-product formulas retained |
| Preobrazhenskite | Natural magnesium-borate identity and crystal structure | Hydrogen-site interpretation remains qualified |
| Ancylite-(Ce) | Natural carbonate identity and primary structure evidence | Ce-dominant crystal kept distinct from La species and mixtures |
| Calcioancylite-(La) | Holotype identity and primary structure/deposit evidence | Calculated volatiles and table/deposit discrepancies retained |
| Curite | Natural identity and synthetic surface dissolution | Exsitu relief, timing/pH conflicts and inferred adsorption remain explicit |
| Vandenbrandeite | Natural identity and abiotic thermal alteration | Experimental versus computed results and mixed products kept distinct |
| Ilmenite | Laboratory acid dissolution of mixed placer concentrates | Feed confounding, fit limits and no isolated-product recovery |
| Perovskite | Natural mineral identity from microscopy and diffraction | Species distinct from structure family; synthetic thermal arms separate |
| Mcallisterite | Natural borate identity and synthetic thermal behavior | Distinct natural impurities, water-loss fractions and deferred synthesis data |
| Tunellite | Natural structure and abiotic thermal observations | Heating-rate conflicts and historical product identity remain unresolved |
| Kukharenkoite-(Ce) | Natural mineral identity and crystal structure | Specimen chemistry and model/deposit limits retained |
| Cordylite-(Ce) | Natural identity and structural refinement | Historical names and proxy scattering models kept explicit |
| Billietite | Natural identity and laboratory surface alteration | Exsitu observations, source-label conflicts and no bulk recovery yield |
| Compreignacite | Synthetic K-phase dissolution in flow columns | Natural/synthetic hydration, K/Na arms and modeled rates kept distinct |
| Zinc purification hot filter cake | Abiotic acid/peroxide dissolution of real purification residue | Conflicting selectivity, dosing and product-recovery limits retained |
| Aluminium salt slag | Water leaching and mixed-salt crystallization | Chloride removal, scaled mass balance and proposed reuse distinguished |
| Studtite | Natural identity and abiotic thermal/aqueous phase changes | Method-dependent transitions and surface-only models retained |
| Metastudtite | Natural identity and synthetic transformation evidence | Mixed precursors, model-dependent products and qualified rehydration |
| Bainbridgeite-(YCe) | Holotype mineral identity and structure | Later rim reassignment and source/deposit discrepancies retained |
| Alicewilsonite-(YLa) | Natural identity and crystal structure | Calculated volatiles and model/deposit limits remain explicit |
| Probertite | Natural borate identity and structure | Distinct specimens; inaccessible dissolution evidence deferred |
| Priceite | Natural borate identity and characterization | Disputed chain direction and thermal-access limits retained |
| L-chondrite meteorite | Qualified microbial mobilization in flight and ground assays | Non-significant ISS PGE comparisons and ground contamination concerns |
| Eucrite meteorite | Terrestrial culture-associated trace-metal mobilization | One abiotic control, specimen provenance and supplement-access limits |
| Schoepite | Current mineral identity and natural-crystal alteration | Revised symmetry, mixed products and conflicting CIF metadata retained |
| Becquerelite | Abiotic surface dissolution and later coating characterization | Synthetic specimens, reused experiments and secondary precipitation kept distinct |
| Donnayite-(Y) | Revised natural-mineral identity and structure | Historical cotype reassignments and different analytical specimens retained |
| Alicewilsonite-(YCe) | Natural identity, chemistry and crystal structure | Zoned specimen and calculated volatile components; no extraction claim |
| Ginorite | Natural identity, structure and specimen-specific thermal response | Source temperature conflicts and unverified thermal product sequence |
| Sulfoborite | Natural mineral identity and published crystal structure | Current variable OH/F formula differs from historical ideal model |
| Phosphate-ore tailings | Culture-associated rare earth leaching in laboratory flasks | Missing sterile leaching controls, aggregate assay and inconsistent source methods |
| Natroboltwoodite | Abiotic dissolution of a characterized synthetic sodium uranyl silicate | Hydration differs from the current mineral formula; low-bicarbonate decreases retained |
| Metaschoepite | Natural-mineral context and humidity-dependent synthetic dehydration | Mixed phases, batch differences and inconsistent source timing retained |
| Burbankite | Natural identity and synthetic La-Ca carbonate formation | Mixed synthesis product and disputed thermal values; analogue is not natural-ore recovery |
| Synchysite-(Ce) | Natural-crystal structure and microstructure | Separate specimens and proxy scattering occupancies; raw diffraction files unacquired |
| Nobleite | Laboratory precipitation and natural/synthetic diffraction comparison | Formation without quantified recovery or demonstrated interconversion to gowerite |
| Gowerite | Historical and hydrothermal laboratory precipitation | Failed replication of one historical route retained; bulk purity not quantified |
| Lead blast-furnace slag | Controlled laboratory microbial alteration of real smelting residue | Operational metal fractions do not establish exclusive biosorption or isolated product recovery |
| Boltwoodite | Natural identity, synthetic formation and aqueous uranium release | Natural and synthetic hydration differ; total uranium is not a Ksp or recovery yield |
| Cuprosklodowskite | Natural-crystal identity and original refinement with deposited CIF | Museum diffraction specimen kept separate from the photographed locality specimen |
| Kozoite-(La) | Natural identity and synthetic carbonate phase progression | Crystalline phase fractions are not elemental recovery; separate high-temperature values conflict |
| Kozoite-(Nd) | Natural identity and thermal dehydration/decarbonation | Different volatile estimates retained; heated residue not identified as recovered product |
| Kurnakovite | Natural identity and mixed-assemblage precipitation | Derived equilibrium constant differs from direct pure-mineral dissolution |
| Meyerhofferite | Natural identity and two laboratory pressure experiments | Chemistry conflicts, incomplete decompression and inaccessible later structure study |
| Copper anode slime | Abiotic acid-chloride leaching of real refinery residue | Unreconciled feed-to-liquid accounting; downstream recovery remains context |
| Boracite | Natural mineral identity and temperature-driven structural transitions | Mg-rich specimen behavior separated from Fe-rich members and instrument calibration |
| Larderellite | Thermal transformation of a characterized natural borate sample | Mixed feed, conflicting mass-loss summaries and proposed gas assignments |
| Lanthanite-(Ce) | Natural identity and synthetic carbonate phase progression | Phase fractions are not recovery yields; conflicting intermediate labels retained |
| Lanthanite-(La) | Natural identity and synthetic dehydration/rehydration | Residual tengerite prevents a complete-return claim |
| Soddyite | Abiotic dissolution and secondary uranium precipitation | Synthetic powder separated from natural-crystal data; secondary phase not uniquely resolved |
| Sklodowskite | Natural identity and synthetic hydrothermal formation | Qualitative potassium endpoint is not a measured conversion yield |
| Tannery wastewater | Chromium removal by heat-inactivated fungal biomass | Real feed batches separated from synthetic solutions; no isolated-product or deployment claim |
| Calcioveatchite | Natural calcium borate identity and ordered crystal structure | Specimen-specific composition and unresolved SrO range discrepancy |
| Ludwigite ore | Abiotic alkali activation and water leaching of mixed boron-bearing feed | Bulk leaching is not a mineral-specific or isolated-product yield |
| Lanthanite-(Nd) | Natural mineral identity and crystal structure | Hydrogen-model and unacquired crystallographic deposit limits |
| Xenotime-(Yb) | Natural Yb phosphate identity and specimen characterization | Optical-value conflict and low analytical total retained |
| Uranophane | Abiotic acid dissolution and hydrothermal synthesis | Natural crystal and synthetic powder arms separated; unresolved source labels |
| Parauranophane | Distinct beta polymorph and bounded null surface-redox result | No transfer of alpha-powder release rates or universal synthesis-failure claim |
| Ferrochrome slag | Abiotic laboratory acid extraction of magnesium | Conflicting optimum plots; synthetic chromate tests do not establish microbial slag treatment |
| Pinnoite | Natural mineral identity and vibrational characterization | Conflicting water and band assignments; no accepted processing claims |
| Veatchite | Natural mineral identity and separate polytype refinements | Geological associations are not measured transition boundaries |
| Monazite-(Gd) | Mixed-REE natural mineral identity and electron-diffraction structure | Ideal formula separated from specimen composition; no bulk powder XRD claim |
| Xenotime-(Gd) | Distinct natural Gd phosphate and corrected Raman evidence | Published2026 correction retained; original CIF remains unavailable |
| Saléeite | Natural-specimen crystal structure | EDS versus refinement scope and unacquired reflection deposit explicit |
| Sabugalite | Historical natural-sample laboratory dehydration | Mixed phases, nonequilibrium heating and water-loss denominator retained |
| Spent nickel steam-reforming catalyst | Abiotic laboratory EDTA extraction | Conflicting plots/protocols; nickel-bearing solution is not isolated metal |
| Inderborite | Natural identity, neutron structure and abiotic pressure response | Source endpoint/angle conflicts and constrained hydrogen model |
| Inderite | Natural identity, neutron structure and abiotic pressure transition | Mislabeled CIF block names and conflicting pressure/modulus values |
| Monazite-(Sm) | Natural mineral identity and original sample chemistry | IMA approval-year discrepancy and unavailable individual analyses; microbial phase assignment deferred |
| Spent platinum petroleum-reforming catalyst | Abiotic anion exchange and selective elution of real leachate | Synthetic isotherm separated; liquid recovery is not isolated platinum product |
| Zeunerite | Current mineral identity and separate synthetic structural studies | Constrained models, thesis version/container conflicts and no inferred field performance |
| Autunite | Current mineral identity and synthetic-crystal structure | Partial calcium occupancy and constrained hydrogen model; proposed hydrate remains distinct |
| Inyoite | Natural identity and laboratory high-pressure diffraction | Conflicting pressure and cell-volume values across manuscript and deposits |
| Rhabdophane-(Ce) | Natural identity and abiotic hydrothermal replacement | Run-mass and low-pH conversion discrepancies; no microbial recovery claim |
| Rhabdophane-(La) | Natural identity and synthetic thermal transformation | Corrected formula-calculation guidance and specimen-specific hydration |
| Spent vanadium flow-battery electrolyte | Abiotic salt recovery and separate electrochemical regeneration | Conflicting pH and arm-specific capacity values; product and capacity metrics differ |
| Szaibélyite | Natural-crystal identity and abiotic thermal breakdown | Impure separates, conflicting atmosphere/ramp descriptions and distinct locality arms |
| Torbernite | Current mineral identity and synthetic-crystal structure | Separate hydration states and constrained hydrogen model; reflection deposit unacquired |
| Borax | Laboratory-recrystallized borax structure and abiotic thermal dehydration | Distinct powder and single-crystal protocols; conflicting DSC range |
| Carbonatite-associated rare-earth ore | Culture pretreatment followed by acid leaching of a real ore | Missing matched sterile-medium pretreatment; bulk extraction is not a mineral-specific recovery yield |
| Navajoite | Original identity and later diffraction reassessment | Mixed or reidentified specimens, inherited chemical analysis and unresolved structure |
| Pascoite | Natural-crystal structure and checked diffraction deposits | Hydration/site-model limits; no demonstrated extraction mechanism |
| Tincalconite | Natural identity, synthetic refinements and abiotic humidity cycling | Model/formula conflicts and mixed-feed humidity endpoints |
| Uranium-mine tailings | Consortium-associated leaching and separate ion exchange | Missing sterile control and conflicting uranium endpoint values |
| Zinc leach residue | Abiotic acid leaching and redox smelting of separate feeds | Aqueous extraction and slag inventory loss are not isolated product yields |
| Acid mine drainage | Biogenic-gas precipitation and enriched-community treatment of separate real waters | Missing balances and numerical controls; concentration changes are not recovery yields |
| Kernite | Natural-crystal identity, chemistry and hydrogen disorder | Specimen-specific assays, censored trace elements and incomplete supplemental access |
| Laueite | Natural-crystal identity and epitaxy | Competing valence interpretation, measured versus refined composition and deposited quality alerts |
| Montroseite | Natural-crystal identity and inferred weathering | Altered intergrowths and historical correction; no controlled conversion experiment |
| Paramontroseite | Natural identity and abiotic oxidative heating | Fe-rich mixed feed, protocol dependence and conflicting product fractions |
| Phosphophyllite | Natural-crystal structure and composition variability | Locality-specific substitution and unavailable individual analyses |
| Ulexite | Abiotic humidity-driven rehydration after heating | Mixed and unreversed products, unresolved calcium fate and unmeasured recovery |
| Cavansite | Natural-crystal thermal dehydration | Refined water occupancy, disputed hydrogen assignments and protocol dependence |
| Kornelite | Abiotic synthesis and provisional culture-associated phase labels | Variable hydration, mixed patterns and no matched sterile mineralogical control |
| Petroleum oily sludge | Qualified culture-associated residual metal concentration changes | Unresolved sampled fraction, conflicting recipes and missing metal mass balance |
| Quenstedtite | Natural-crystal identity and structure | Variable hydration, conflicting refinement metadata and no demonstrated transformation |
| Roscoelite | Abiotic synthesis of a diffraction-assigned mica | Mixed bulk valence, oxide inclusions and uncontrolled atmosphere |
| Ludlamite | Qualified air-heating oxidation of natural crystals | Lower-temperature diffraction retention; unidentified ferric product at the higher setting |
| Paracoquimbite | Abiotic precipitation and synthetic-crystal structure | Inaccessible supplement and phase-stability model limits; no microbial formation claim |
| Ponded mixed coal ash | Culture-associated metal mobilization from mixed fly and bottom ash | Added acid, missing matched controls, conflicting maxima and unvalidated model optimization |
| Regerite | Natural-crystal chemistry, structure and deposited model | Calculated water, unresolved hydrogen and titanium assignments; no extraction mechanism |
| Szomolnokite | Transient sulfate hydrate in an abiotic heating experiment | Mixed phases and conflicting thermal descriptions; no universal transition temperature |
| Coquimbite | Current aluminium-essential species identity and natural-crystal structure | Historical formula superseded; no microbial transformation claim |
| Eosphorite | Natural-crystal chemistry and neutron diffraction with corrected hydrogen assignments | One specimen, model omissions and source labeling limits |
| Fish-bone residues | Culture-associated phosphorus mobilization in columns and broth | Low-dose null, inoculum phosphorus, unmatched controls and timing conflicts |
| Phosphoferrite | Qualified abiotic thermal oxidation of a natural specimen | Later indexing corrections; hydrogen release remains an untested hypothesis |
| Poultry-bone residues | Culture-associated phosphorus mobilization from cooked bone feed | Mixed phosphorus inputs, unresolved dose labels and no isolated product yield |
| Rozenite | Transient sulfate hydrate observed during melanterite heating | Mixed starting phases, possible grinding effect and protocol-dependent transitions |
| Bassanite | EPS- and saline-culture-associated mixed sulfate precipitation | Workup can affect hydration; phase proportions are not isolated recovery yields |
| Childrenite | Natural-crystal structure and measured composition | Main-text/CIF metadata conflicts and model composition remain distinct |
| Ferricopiapite | Abiotic synthesis, structure and calorimetry | Minor impurity and nonideal composition; no microbial formation claim |
| Hureaulite | Synthetic electrode material with laboratory electrochemical response | Conflicting electrolyte/units; proton and Mn-redox mechanisms remain proposed |
| Rhomboclase | Abiotic synthesis, structure and calorimetry | Nonideal sulfate/proton content and modeled stability; no recovery yield |
| Wood ash | Fungal-treatment-associated soil-solution phosphate increase | No significant total- or plant-P benefit; background microbes and roots remain |
| Amblygonite | Qualified heating of a characterized F/OH phosphate specimen | Conflicting aliquot composition; no pure-species threshold or lithium recovery |
| Ammoniojarosite | Formation during culture-associated iron oxidation | Mixed/null phases, source temperature conflict and unmatched abiotic comparisons |
| Argentojarosite | Silver precipitation after biological ferric-sulfate preparation | Later precipitation is labeled abiotic; no direct bacterial necessity or recovery balance |
| Hydroniumjarosite | Abiotic synthesis and separate natural specimen characterization | Source formula/site conflicts and quartz-bearing natural material |
| Montebrasite | Mineral identity and natural microtextures | No microbial extraction or quantitative recovery established |
| Petroleum coke | Lower residual sulfur concentration after laboratory culture treatments | Unresolved feed provenance, missing numerical control and sulfur mass balance |
| Löllingite | Culture- and supernatant-associated flotation of a characterized mixed feed | Phase partitioning, null arms and unmatched surface analyses; no isolated metal yield |
| Metallic machining burrs | Culture-associated acidification and limited metal mobilization from industrial burrs | Unmatched inoculum chemistry and inconsistent recovery calculations |
| Plumbojarosite | Controlled bacterial reduction of a synthetic mineral analogue | Low lead release, phosphate-buffered microscopy preparation and source-value conflicts |
| Svanbergite | Natural-crystal structure and geological alteration context | Specimen-specific composition and field inference; no microbial mechanism |
| Woodhouseite | Original mineral description and geological alteration context | Substituted natural grains and modeled stability; no recovery experiment |
| Electrical-cable recycling residues | Real-feed laboratory leaching with adapted mixed acidophiles | Limited microbial benefit, synthetic-feed null result and incomplete copper balance |
| Florencite-(Ce) | Ce-specific synthetic analogue and abiotic sequential treatment | Residue composition ratios are not mineral-specific recovery yields |
| Gorceixite | Natural-crystal identity and structure | Specimen-dependent symmetry and unresolved occupancy discrepancy |
| Natrojarosite | Abiotic synthesis and separate natural microbial association | Source protocol conflicts; association does not prove microbial precipitation |
| Skutterudite | Consortium-associated processing of a characterized mixed concentrate | Bulk cobalt solubilization is not a skutterudite-specific recovery yield |
| Coal gasification slag | Abiotic leaching and preparation of a mixed flocculant | Parallel acid treatments and gravimetric losses; no element-specific recovery yield |
| Crandallite | Abiotic synthesis and thermal dehydroxylation | Mixed phases; biological assays of a different phosphorite fraction are excluded |
| Goyazite | Natural-crystal identity and abiotic synthesis and transformation | Nominal starting-gel composition, impurities and method-dependent thermal peaks |
| Heazlewoodite | Controlled comparison of synthetic nickel-sulfide dissolution | No microbial enhancement; sterilization and surface-phase uncertainties remain |
| Felsőbányaite | Primary natural-crystal identity and dated nomenclature | Poorly ordered basaluminite equivalence unresolved; microbial claims deferred |
| Flue-gas-desulfurization wastewater | Real-feed pilot biological treatment and original assay workbook | Corrected selenium assays, sustained target failure and no isolated product recovery |
| Struvite-(K) | Abiotic synthesis and battery-washwater precipitation | Mixed phases, concentration-based removal and a second-cycle null result |
| Troilite | Thermophilic-consortium-associated dissolution of natural feed | Mixed mineral feed, nonzero sterile dissolution and unresolved reactor conditions |
| Anhydrite | Proposed product in disputed microbial gypsum dehydration | Independent negative experiment and unverified structural-water uptake |
| Chromium-tanned leather shavings | Yeast-associated matrix conversion and chromium partitioning | Conflicting assay bases and no isolated chromium product |
| Gersdorffite | Crystallographic identity under current mineral nomenclature | Historical mixed-feed leaching does not resolve the modern species |
| Gypsum | Substrate in disputed microbial dehydration experiments | Shares evidence with anhydrite; no independent replication from two records |
| Wulfenite | Natural mineral identity and abiotic sulfidization | Aqueous molybdenum assay is not isolated product recovery |
| Alabandite | Bacterial biomass flotation of a characterized mixed ore | Mineral fractions are not recovery yields; no demonstrated overall improvement |
| Secondary aluminium dross | Abiotic roasting and caustic extraction of real plant residue | Conflicting recipes and a solid-balance estimate; no isolated alumina yield |
| Simonkolleite | Abiotic synthesis from zinc metal and thermal transformation | Purchased feed, conflicting run descriptions and no recovered-zinc yield |
| Churchite-(Y) | Abiotic synthesis and ion-induced loss of crystalline order | Synthetic material, modeled dose and untested retention or recovery performance |
| Hemimorphite | Abiotic mineral leaching and a microbial-associated precursor | Poorly ordered precursor is not confirmed crystalline hemimorphite |
| Heterogenite | Abiotic leaching of a characterized mixed cobalt ore | Bulk cobalt dissolution is not a mineral-specific recovery yield |
| Municipal sewage sludge | Culture-associated phosphorus and metal mobilization | Nutrient inputs, control growth and source percentage inconsistencies |
| Willemite | Lichen-associated field alteration and separate abiotic leaching | Field association does not isolate a microbial causal mechanism |
| Wurtzite | Mixed ZnS precipitation in sulfate-reducing cultures | Unresolved communities, mixed phases and no mineral-specific recovery yield |
| Hydrozincite | Field microbial-associated zinc carbonate precipitation | Community association and sterile-organic morphology counterexamples |
| Zincite | Fungal-conditioned ZnO transformation and separate abiotic dissolution | Residual zincite, source dose conflicts and no isolated recovery yield |
| Titanogypsum | Yeast-associated fluoride redistribution in real plant waste | Lower filtered fluoride, null phosphorus response and unproven reuse safety |
| Azurite | Source-assigned minor phase in mixed bacterial precipitates | Strain/sample-lineage and removal-assay inconsistencies |
| Tenorite | Heated CuO product from a fungal-conditioned precursor | Abiotic thermal stage, mixed composition and unresolved phase assignments |
| Brochantite | Fungal-associated copper oxalate formation on synthetic mineral and roof patina | Source phase assignment, ambiguous product denominator and limited controls |
| Atacamite | Fungal-associated copper oxalate formation on synthetic mineral | Growth inhibition at the highest loading; no isolated recovery yield |
| Cinnabar | Laboratory mercury mobilization by a live AMD consortium | Isolate null result, unmatched controls and no recovered product |
| Metavivianite | Abiotic mixed-phase synthesis and a provisional culture intermediate | Microbial phase identity unresolved; oxidation can bypass metavivianite |
| Natural silica-sand feed | Resting-cell iron reduction in natural sand feeds | Acid-extractable slurry iron is not a dissolved-only extraction or recovery yield |
| Cuprite | Fungal-associated alteration of commercial Cu2O | Agar clearance and shared oxalate assignment do not establish mass-balanced recovery |
| Parasymplesite | Qualified ferrous-arsenate phase assignment during bacterial ferrihydrite reduction | Mixed products, conflicting source arm labels and simultaneous arsenic mobilization |
| Bismuthinite | Abiotic low-temperature synthesis of a diffraction-assigned Bi2S3 phase | Incomplete recipe, inferred growth mechanism and no microbial claim |
| Spent potlining | Chemical leaching and resin separation of mixed aluminium-smelter waste | Source recipe conflicts and model-derived recovery denominator; no overall product yield |
| Stolzite | Natural W-dominant lead tungstate characterization | Tiny grains prevented structural analysis; supergene origin inferred |
| Powellite | Crystalline natural calcium molybdate and a separate inferred metamict arm | Internal source contradiction retained; radiation causation untested |
| Metacinnabar | Laboratory bacterial-associated sulfide dissolution and mercury volatilization | Mixed feed, sulfur intermediates and conflicting source rate units limit interpretation |
| Meta-ankoleite | Qualified yeast-associated uranyl-phosphate diffraction assignment | Overlapping patterns and missing potassium detection prevent unequivocal phase assignment |
| Electroplating bath effluents | Cyanobacterial biomass sorption from real industrial liquid feedstocks | Source unit, treatment and replicate conflicts; laboratory assays do not establish deployment |
| Wheatleyite | Transient sodium-copper oxalate assigned during fungal culture | Day-five presence and day-six diffraction nondetection; no phase-specific yield or causal control |
| Libethenite | Copper-phosphate phase in an uninoculated PCB-leaching control | Inoculated comparison does not establish metabolic suppression or microbial precipitation |
| Otavite | Provisional Cd-carbonate assignment in bacterial culture products | Weak diffraction evidence and solution removal do not establish a mineral yield |
| Cerianite-(Ce) | Abiotic thermal conversion of a fungal-conditioned precursor | Mixed fitted phases, nitrogen heating and source inconsistencies remain explicit |
| Used photographic fixer solutions | Laboratory bacterial pretreatment, fungal biosorption and abiotic silver isolation | Conflicting dilution, eluent and mass-balance descriptions limit quantitative recovery claims |
| Gold | Stock-dependent bacterial particle formation in a comparative laboratory study | Commercial-stock damage and no-visible-particle outcomes; proposed chemistry and no recovered-product yield |
| Chernikovite | Diffraction-assigned uranyl phosphate from filtered fungal phosphate-rock broth | Upstream microbial conditioning, recipe and dilution gaps; no phase-pure product yield |
| Pyroaurite | Phase assignment in both inoculated and uninoculated tailings plots | Pre-existing phase, unmatched nutrients and unreplicated plots prevent a microbial-enhancement claim |
| Hydrotalcite | Mineral identity and field association with source-interpreted biofilms | Mixed-rock phase and isotope measurements do not establish microbial formation |
| Waste X-ray films | Microbial-enzyme stripping and separate thermal silver isolation | Hydrolysate assays and product purity are not total-inventory recovery yields |
| Phlogopite | Fungal-associated surface alteration of a characterized natural mica | No significant potassium-concentration increase over the depleted control; missing aged abiotic controls |
| Stevensite | Community-associated carbonate coating and separate abiotic null experiments | Questionable IMA status, uncertain synthetic phase assignment, unmatched controls and conflicting solution values |
| Sauconite | Abiotic hydrothermal formation of a characterized Zn-rich smectite | Temperature-dependent mixed products and unquantified amorphous components; no microbial mechanism |
| Waste multilayer ceramic capacitors | Chemical solvent leaching of components from post-consumer computers | Contradictory extraction values and sampling times; no isolated metal products |
| Samarium-cobalt magnet scrap | Chemical leaching and phase-supported samarium product conversion | Unspecified scrap history, conflicting peroxide recipes and an unreconciled product mass balance |
| Chukanovite | Source-assigned carbonate after prolonged goethite reduction in CN32 cultures | Inconclusive diffraction, phosphate-arm conflicts and a separate null result limit phase and pathway claims |
| Sepiolite | Controlled abiotic magnesium and silicon release from characterized sepiolite | Nonstoichiometric dissolution, changing pH and modeled secondary phases; no microbial mechanism inferred |
| Palygorskite | Controlled CN32 iron reduction followed by a separate technetium reaction | Cleaned specimen and low dissolved iron; the subsequent washed-solid reaction is abiotic |
| Saponite | Community-associated formation of source-assigned saponitic material | Poor ordering, unresolved bulk diffraction and incomplete causal controls qualify the phase assignment |
| Spent silver-oxide–zinc button-cell batteries | Fungal spent-medium leaching of a distinct battery chemistry | Conflicting conditions and extraction curves; aqueous mobilization is not isolated product recovery |
| Nickel-based superalloy residue powders | Laboratory leaching of three industrial residue stocks | Incomplete digest denominators, unmatched initial chemistry and source conflicts limit comparative yields |
| Acanthite | Minority silver-sulfide particles assigned by electron diffraction and composition | Mixed products, processed cells and missing matched controls prevent pure-product or causal yield claims |
| Monetite | Surface phase assigned after biofilm and filtered spent-broth exposure | Phase also appears with cell-free spent broth; mixed solids and cleaning limit mechanistic attribution |
| Switzerite | Qualified culture-associated phosphate assignment and separate natural-specimen dehydration | Missing culture diffraction and hydration data leave the microbial product assignment uncertain |
| Spent tantalum capacitors | Acidophile- and fungal-filtrate-associated base-metal mobilization | Tantalum nondetection, source-table conflicts and fungal strain nomenclature prevent stronger recovery claims |
| Chlorite group | MR-1-associated iron reduction in a natural chlorite preparation | Impurity phases and assay fractions limit phase-specific reduction and recovery claims |
| Illite group | Cold-culture-associated iron reduction and alteration of IMt-1 | Medium contradictions, late dissolved-iron decline and unmatched chemical controls remain explicit |
| Hopeite | Fungal-associated alteration and secondary phosphate precipitation | Starting hopeite formed chemically; shared-study lineage and inconsistent endpoint conditions are retained |
| Whitlockite | Culture-associated maturation of amorphous calcium phosphate | Mg-stabilized beta-TCP remains an alternative assignment; no pure-product recovery yield |
| Anilite | Abiotic ferric-sulfate alteration of a natural intergrown sulfide | Mixed starting phases and metastable products prevent phase-specific copper recovery claims |
| Digenite | Abiotic ferric-sulfate leaching and reversible structural changes | Mounting may mediate cycling; solid Cu:S ratios are not aqueous or isolated copper yields |
| Vermiculite group | Fungal-associated potassium acquisition from a potassium-exchanged specimen | Abiotic exchange remains an alternative; a source aluminium claim conflicts with its table |
| Montmorillonite | Humic-associated iron reduction in SWy-2 suspensions containing MR-1 | No matched sterile SWy-2 series; nontronite controls and products are not transferred |
| Djurleite | Culture-associated copper mobilization from a mixed natural separate | Chemical baseline release, missing controls and conflicting inoculum reports limit attribution |
| Waste lead-bearing CRT glass | Abiotic thermal treatment, acid leaching and partial lead electrodeposition | Glass component is unspecified; recovery denominators, treatment times and modeled flows differ |
| Kaolinite | Aerobic growth and siderophore responses with reference clay specimens | Indirect iron-access evidence; host phase and causal role of siderophores remain unresolved |
| Nontronite | Humic-assisted microbial iron reduction and partial clay transformation | Sterile controls support iron reduction; mixed products and missing assay recipe details constrain interpretation |
| Marcasite | Culture-associated ferric-iron accumulation from characterized powder | Altered inactive controls and Fe(III)-only assay prevent total-iron recovery claims |
| Violarite | Abiotic hydrothermal replacement of mixed pentlandite feeds | Broad product nomenclature, semiquantitative diffraction and drying effects remain explicit |
| Variscite | Abiotic crystallization within a mixed aluminum-phosphate assemblage | No pure-phase yield; modeled saturation does not establish exclusive precipitation |
| Strengite | Abiotic crystallization within a mixed ferric-phosphate assemblage | Conflicting source timing is preserved; the nine-day mixed endpoint is characterized |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaic module scrap | Thermal pretreatment and chemical etching of generated module fragments | Unknown prior service history; surface XPS and whole-powder mass loss do not establish metal recovery yields |
| Microcline | Weathering associated with field colonization of a heterogeneous specimen | Inclusion-rich versus P-poor samples differ; laboratory growth did not produce a matching Si increase |
| Muscovite | Fungal-associated alteration of a characterized mineral surface | Potassium in mycelium was not significantly above the K-depleted control; no recovery yield |
| Senarmontite | Minor antimony-oxide phase in mixed enrichment-culture precipitates | Tartrate, mixed phases and incomplete isolate diffraction limit causal and recovery claims |
| Artinite | Separate abiotic water-dissolution and concentrated precipitation experiments | Impurities, evolving mixed phases and conflicting Raman labels remain explicit |
| Lansfordite | Abiotic synthesis plus a qualified occurrence in decaying cactus | One field sample, unresolved microbial cause and differing dehydration products |
| End-of-life CIGS photovoltaic modules | Chemical leaching of thermally separated coated glass | Synthetic separation tests do not establish whole-module product recovery |
| Albite | Controlled abiotic dissolution of characterized clevelandite | Transient sodium release and model-dependent surface interpretation; no microbial mechanism |
| Orthoclase | Abiotic alkaline flow-through dissolution of Na-bearing orthoclase | One interrupted experiment, model-dependent projections and no microbial or recovery claim |
| Aragonite | Carbonate phase formation in bacterial culture experiments | Mixed products, abiotic precipitation and incomplete causal controls constrain attribution |
| Monohydrocalcite | Source-assigned hydrated carbonate in bacterial culture products | Conflicting phase labels and strain-accession identity remain explicit |
| Realgar | Acidophile-associated arsenic mobilization from characterized realgar feed | Early enhancement reverses at later sampling; mixed feed and inferred sequestration limit mechanism claims |
| Orpiment | XRD-assigned secondary phase during arsenopyrite culture leaching | Shared mixed-feed experiment; no phase-specific biological increment or passivation causality |
| Hydrocerussite | Lead-carbonate phase in processed bacterial cell products | Mixed phases, conflicting phosphate labels and biomass units prevent condition-specific yield claims |
| Calcite | Bacterial carbonate formation in synthetic terbium solution and natural brine | Early terbium removal without added calcium and mixed solids prevent calcite-specific recovery claims |
| Vaterite | Source-assigned phase in dried brine-treatment solids | Shared experiment, mixed products and no phase-specific yield or transformation time course |
| Nepheline | Fungal pitting and aluminium mobilization from characterized Bancroft discs | Mixed mineralogy, sparse sampling and conflicting second-strain labels constrain attribution |
| Strontianite | Bacterial carbonate coating on printed polymer | Ambiguous salt dosing, unresolved nucleation pathway and no recovered-strontium mass balance |
| Celestine | Mixed Sr-mineral nucleation on cyanobacterial surface layers | Changing sulfate/carbonate mixtures and incomplete causal controls prevent pure-phase recovery claims |
| Anorthite | Bacterial contact assays and qualified fungal leaching of source-assigned feed | Natural plagioclase and mixed-feed composition prevent pure-endmember or phase-specific yields |
| Böhmite | Abiotic synthesis from aluminium sec-butoxide | Recipe confounding, fitted domain sizes and unquantified amorphous material; no microbial mechanism |
| Gibbsite | Abiotic alkaline dissolution with a proposed dimer-assisted pathway | Model-assisted molecular assignment; no microbial mechanism or measured recovery yield |
| Hydroxylapatite | Calcium-phosphate mineralization in supplemented bacterial biofilms | Fixed-biomass formation, enzyme buffers and inhibitor effects limit metabolic necessity claims |
| Chlorapatite | Characterized synthetic substrate, bacterial growth and separate abiotic phosphorus release | No matched bacterial dissolution series establishes an enhancement or recovery yield |
| Brushite | XRD-assigned phosphate in bacterial and cell-free precipitation assays | Abiotic formation and changing phase mixtures prevent a microbial-necessity or recovery-yield claim |
| Cattiite | Original mineral identity and qualitative abiotic dehydration | Preparation-sensitive polytypes and tentative product identity; no microbial mechanism inferred |
| Maghemite | Controlled culture-associated reduction of synthetic nanomaghemite | Ascorbate, ionic differences and fitted mixed products limit pathway and yield claims |
| Whewellite | Calcium oxalate in fungal cultures and lichen-bearing rock | Mixed substrate, absent matched sterile outcome and hydration handling constrain attribution |
| Weddellite | Lichen-associated calcium oxalate with a contrasting culture outcome | Laboratory products were reported as whewellite only; no universal organism-specific exclusion inferred |
| Millerite | Source-assigned crystalline domains in bacterial and abiotic Ni-sulfide precipitates | Mixed phases and differing preparation conditions prevent a pure-product or microbial-necessity claim |
| Polydymite | Qualified phase assignment in Ni-sulfide precipitation experiments | Possible preparation oxidation and overlap with violarite constrain attribution |
| Vaesite | XRD and electron diffraction identify a phase in the No Fe (no added Fe stock) biotic arm | Unlike pH and sulfide delivery limit the causal comparison |
| Hannayite | Mineral identity with primary abiotic crystallization and hydrolysis evidence | No microbial mechanism inferred from chemical synthesis or natural occurrence |
| Hazenite | Field association and a supplemented Stappia culture experiment | Isolate-specific diffraction and incomplete matched controls prevent biological exclusivity or recovery-yield claims |
| Wollastonite | Controlled bacterial dissolution assays with limited or null effects | Source inconsistencies and published debate restrict kinetic extrapolation |
| Diopside | Controlled dissolution assays with limited or null bacterial effects | Source pH discrepancies and supplementary observations limit generalization |
| Asbolane | Geobacter-associated alteration of synthetic Co/Ni-asbolane | Partial aqueous release and mixed products leave metal fate and reduction pathways unresolved |
| Pyrochroite | Source-assigned hydroxide in Geobacter culture products | Mixed dried solids and absent mineral-control series limit phase-specific attribution |
| Feitknechtite | Transient source-assigned phase during manganese oxide reduction | Overlapping reflections and persistent Mn(III) preclude complete-conversion claims |
| Newberyite | Minor phosphate phase assigned in static Myxococcus cultures | Mixed products and possible struvite aging prevent direct precipitation or yield claims |
| Schertelite | Minor culture-product assignment and separate abiotic synthesis | Phase mixtures, handling and abiotic alternatives constrain microbial attribution |
| Chrysotile | Thermovibrio dissolution assay with no demonstrated Mg/Si release advantage | Inoculum correction and source figure/text inconsistencies remain unresolved |
| Riebeckite | Culture-associated iron reduction in UICC crocidolite | Surface versus structural iron and persistent fibres limit interpretation |
| Bobierrite | Source-assigned magnesium phosphate in bacterial culture products | Mixed products, phase-label conflicts and processing constrain attribution |
| Barićite | Barićite-assigned phosphate precipitation in hydrogen-fed G20 cultures | Source-assigned mixed composition, recipe conflicts and sterile controls limit causal claims |
| Brucite | Brucite-rich encrustation of microbial filaments in Prony Bay chimneys | Field association and proposed nucleation do not establish metabolic necessity |
| Dolomite | Partially ordered dolomite assigned in an anaerobic photosynthetic consortium | Mixed carbonate products, control labels and diffraction-index conflicts remain explicit |
| Cryptomelane | Abiotic thermal transformation and slower acid release of nickel | Mixed phases and fitted rates do not establish permanent immobilization or recovery |
| Romanèchite | Mineral identity and mixed-ore leaching context | Normative phase allocation and acid additions prevent mineral-specific microbial yield claims |
| Hydromagnesite | Mixed carbonate precipitation in separate bacterial cultures | Phase-table and strain-assignment conflicts prevent pure-phase or strain-specific yield claims |
| Huntite | Source-assigned component in two culture-medium arms | Mixed products and unresolved phase assignments constrain attribution |
| Nesquehonite | LE1 culture-associated magnesium carbonate precipitation | Missing control outcomes, phase arithmetic and an abiotic counterexample limit causal claims |
| Greenockite | Hexagonal CdS component assigned in X513 culture products | Mixed phases, analytical limits and dosing conditions remain explicit |
| Hawleyite | Cubic CdS particles assigned in the same X513 study | Source phase-index and sulfide-accounting limitations prevent a pure recovered-product claim |
| Ramsdellite | Abiotic cobalt sorption by chemically synthesized powder | Explicitly nonmicrobial; feed and capacity discrepancies remain unresolved |
| Manganite | MR-4-associated reductive dissolution of synthetic manganite | Acidic controls lack a microbial increment; source temperature and assay conflicts remain explicit |
| Bixbyite-(Mn) | T-G1 culture-associated formation of a bixbyite-like phase | Tentative phase assignment; neutral-pH oxidation occurs without observed mineral particles |
| Akaganeite | PCA wild-type and mutant reduction of XRD-assigned synthetic feed | pH and autoclaving alter phenotypes; mineral potential is inferred rather than measured |
| Lepidocrocite | Formate-fed culture-associated reduction and green-rust formation | Strain-accession conflict, incomplete matched controls and distinct analytical fractions constrain interpretation |
| Feroxyhyte | Conditional culture-associated reduction and secondary mineral formation | Unlike endpoints, caption conflict and partial Fe(III) reduction preclude a complete-recovery claim |
| Dypingite | Cyanobacterial-enrichment-associated magnesium carbonate formation | Abiotic pH control also forms dypingite; mixed culture and nutrient matching limit attribution |
| Scorodite | Culture-associated ferric arsenate formation and seeded aqueous removal | Seed contribution and short leachability tests constrain stabilization claims |
| Nickel flotation tailings | Laboratory acidophile treatment of nickel-plant flotation waste | Acid-soluble and total-metal denominators differ; solution release is not isolated recovery |
| Nickel-smelter slag | Laboratory acidophile treatment of nickel flash-smelting waste | Similar nickel release in uninoculated controls; no demonstrated recovery benefit |
| Chromite ore processing residue | Chromium reduction using separately produced biogenic magnetite | Washed reagent treatment; residual chromium and later rebound limit stabilization claims |
| Spent cerium glass-polishing slurry | Chemical recovery of a ceria-rich solid from factory slurry | Explicitly nonmicrobial; oxide composition is distinct from recovery yield |
| Carrollite | Mixed-culture-associated corrosion of natural mineral crystals | Membrane comparison and surface spectra do not establish a unique pathway or metal yield |
| Carnotite | Species identity and final-phase detection in a shared mixed-ore study | Abiotic cation exchange and unresolved precursor identity prevent a mineral-specific mechanism claim |
| Metatyuyamunite | Species identity and detection before and after the same mixed-ore incubation | Residual detection does not quantify surviving mass or phase-specific transformation |
| Fritzscheite | Species identity and starting-phase context in the same mixed-ore study | Hydration discrepancy and final nondetection do not establish a quantitative extraction yield |
| Rhodochrosite | MR-1-associated carbonate formation from synthetic Mn oxide | Phosphate/carbon conditions and abiotic controls constrain phase attribution |
| Spent nickel-cadmium batteries | Acidophile-associated leaching of NiCd electrode powder | Comparable abiotic extraction and conflicting source descriptions remain explicit |
| Fluorite | Washed-cell-associated flocculation and settling | Physical separation; no mineral dissolution or commodity criticality inherited |
| Spent lead-acid battery electrolyte | Culture-associated precipitation from chemically pretreated liquid | Separate chemical polishing; no verified discharge compliance or isolated product yield |
| Copper-smelter flue dust | Mixed-acidophile leaching of acid-pretreated dry dust | Sequential laboratory reactor trials; no matched continuous abiotic train |
| Traction-battery hydrometallurgical residue | Culture-associated release from separate nickel/cobalt residues | Feed concentration and cobalt yield conflicts retained |
| Pyrite-roasting cinder | Qualified sulfur solubilization and a separate limited-response ash assay | Missing controls and an unsuccessful model transfer prevent general recovery claims |
| Tannery sludge | Acidophile-associated chromium solubilization | Inoculum, reagent, sulfate and mass-balance inconsistencies remain unresolved |
| Cobalt | Acidophilic consortium bioleaching of spent-battery black mass | Laboratory solubilization, not isolated cobalt product |
| Neodymium | Algal biosorption and Gluconobacter biolixiviant bioleaching | Separate magnet-leachate and synthetic mixed-phosphate experiments |
| Palladium | Resting Desulfovibrio desulfuricans cells reduce Pd(II) | Defined soluble salt assay; hydrogenase causality remains inferred |
| Manganese | Pseudomonas putida GB-1 oxidation of Mn substrates | Laboratory oxide-equivalent assay, without crystalline phase identification |
| Lithium | Conditional acidophile bioleaching of jadarite-bearing material | Transient advantage; controls converge and other feeds show null effects |
| Uranium | Laboratory bioelectrochemical observations | Inoculated-cell observations do not isolate microbial enhancement |
| Vanadium | Laboratory bioelectrochemical observations | Inoculated-cell observations do not establish a purified product |
| Copper | Defined acidophile cultures leach chalcopyrite concentrate | Consortium-dependent release assay includes dissolved and precipitated copper |
| Nickel | Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans mixture leaches selected laterites | Matched-pH controls and ore-dependent null outcomes limit generalization |
| Tellurium | Resting Rhodococcus aetherivorans BCP1 transforms tellurite to nanorods | Partial high-dose depletion and phase evidence do not establish isolated yield |
| Zinc | Controlled Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans FC1 sphalerite leaching | Matched-chemistry null results and source figure/text tension limit generalization |
| Silver | Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 forms XRD-identified Ag(0) | Abiotic salt precipitation, feed ambiguity and toxicity constrain the laboratory result |
| Gallium | Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans sludge leaching | Acid dissolution dominates; microbial enhancement remains provisional |
| Arsenic | Co-mobilization in the same gallium-sludge experiment | Similar abiotic leaching; no demonstrated arsenic redox reaction or microbial advantage |
| Cadmium | Cd-1 culture-associated cadmium-sulfide formation | Spectroscopy and sulfide assay support immobilization, without a matched cell-free comparison or isolated yield |
| Chromium | MR-1 MtrC/OmcA contribution to chromate transformation | Residual mutant activity, inferred precipitate valence and incomplete conversion remain explicit |
| Platinum | Hydrogen-driven transformation with CH34 biomass | Equivalent chemical-control removal prevents claiming microbial necessity |
| Selenium | Non-growing MR-1 selenite transformation | Conditional mutant involvement and different localization reports limit universal pathway claims |
| Spent lamp phosphor | Gluconobacter biolixiviant bioleaching of a secondary resource | Retorted mixed powder; total-REE outcome, not an element-specific yield |
| Cobaltite | IMA September 2026 mineral identity | Distinct from cobalt; no inherited criticality or microbial mechanism |
| Monazite-(Nd) | IMA September 2026 mineral identity | Distinct from neodymium and synthetic mixed experimental feeds |
| Antimony | Sulfate-reducing sediment-community transformation | Strong abiotic sorption and indirect sulfide chemistry limit microbial and phase attribution |
| Phosphorus | Fungal phosphate mobilization from struvite-bearing feed | Mixed mineral feed and background medium phosphate prevent a mineral-specific recovery yield |
| Cerium | Precipitation using pretreated fungal culture filtrate | Cell-free Ce stage requires resin and pH treatment; solution removal is not pure-metal yield |
| Chalcopyrite | Acidophile leaching of a chalcopyrite concentrate | Mineral species remains distinct from the impure experimental feed and copper element |
| Sphalerite | Controlled leaching of iron-bearing sphalerite | Chemistry-matched null results limit claims of universal microbial enhancement |
| GaAs-production hydroxide sludge | Acidophile leaching of a characterized secondary resource | Acid dissolution dominates; higher-loading arsenic counterevidence remains explicit |
| Iron | Thermophilic Ax17 reduction of ferrihydrite to magnetite-rich material | Mixed phases and minor abiotic magnetite prevent an exclusive microbial product claim |
| Germanium | Catechol-associated accumulation by Pseudomonas putida ATCC 33015 | Low solution depletion and provisional transport interpretation; companion assays remain distinct |
| Lanthanum | Lanthanum oxalate precipitation using fungal culture supernatant | Cell-free reaction and subsequent thermal processing are separate stages |
| Dysprosium | Dried brewer's yeast biosorption in a defined solution | Inactive biomass, source condition inconsistencies and limited analytical detail constrain the claim |
| Magnesium | Fungal formation of magnesium oxalate from phosphate feeds | Struvite and synthetic dittmarite stay distinct; identified crystals are not an isolated metal yield |
| Aluminium | Fungal mobilization from a characterized red-mud feed | Acid-only leaching under different conditions and unresolved host phases limit microbial attribution |
| Indium | Prepared mixed microalgal biomass sorption from synthetic solutions | Iron competition, declining reuse and inaccessible supplementary controls remain explicit |
| Molybdenum | DRY1 culture-associated molybdenum-blue formation | Optical response, unresolved product chemistry and inconsistent source protocols limit quantitative claims |
| Tungsten | Culture-enhanced release from impure scheelite concentrate | Abiotic release and unknown energy/phase mechanisms prevent a pure-product recovery claim |
| Europium | Culture-associated europium depletion and particle observations | Non-axenic strain, unlike assay arms and conflicting source values limit causal and product claims |
| Samarium | Cyanobacterial culture-associated solution depletion | Unspecified abiotic controls and inconsistent percentage wording limit causal and quantitative claims |
| Terbium | Screening with lyophilized Synechococcus elongatus UTEX 2973 | Cerium-only mechanistic follow-ups do not establish terbium kinetics or binding chemistry |
| Holmium | Element measured in a harvested cyanobacterial fraction | Alkaline medium and unresolved abiotic retention prevent an intracellular-uptake claim |
| Erbium | Element measured in a harvested cyanobacterial fraction | Earlier contrasting growth results and different protocols limit generalization |
| Gadolinium | Element measured in a harvested cyanobacterial fraction | Source graph/text and biochemical discrepancies remain unresolved |
| Yttrium | Yttrium associated with washed ACUF 427 algal biomass | Taxonomic revision, mixture effects and unresolved localization constrain the interpretation |
| Ytterbium | Culture-associated solution depletion with Penidiella T9 | Dysprosium-specific microscopy and capacity do not establish the ytterbium mechanism |
| Scandium | Immobilized bacterial lanmodulin capture and malonate elution | Cell-free synthetic-feed separation; source feed discrepancies and limited replication remain explicit |
| Praseodymium | Immobilized Melba-LanM separates Pr from La in a binary feed | Fraction-based yield and lower repeat performance limit the best single-run result |
| Lead | Pseudomonas putida enhances Pb release from synthetic pyromorphite | Nutrient and pH conditions affect remobilization; no isolated-metal recovery is shown |
| Bismuth | Fusarium BI accumulates Bi in phosphorus-rich granules | Soluble-pool depletion does not establish whole-feed recovery, mineral identity or Bi reduction |
| Cesium | Cs retained by washed Bifidobacterium adolescentis JCM 1275 biomass | Sequential Sr exposure reduces retention; binding chemistry and practical recovery remain unresolved |
| Strontium | TK2d culture-associated Sr removal into carbonate-rich material | Salinity dependence, mixed spectral fits and unmatched chemical controls limit generalization |
| Ruthenium | Oxidized Ru deposits associated with Bacillus NCIMB 12555 biomass | Spectral disagreements and missing matched controls prevent claims of Ru(0) or microbial necessity |
| Rhodium | Resting Geobacter sulfurreducens forms Rh-bearing nanoparticles | Single-metal and Pd/Rh experiments have different controls; depletion is not purified-metal yield |
| Silicon | Joint SIT1/SIT2 knockdown conditionally changes diatom silicon utilization | Uptake and silica-tracer assays differ; no metallic-silicon recovery is shown |
| Tin | C22-inoculated sediment shows organotin debutylation | Unresolved taxonomy, pooled sampling and calibration limits constrain causal and quantitative claims |
| Boron | Boron-bearing accretions associated with two Streptomyces cultures | Missing matched precipitation controls and uncertain phase/measurement interpretation limit attribution |
| Fluorine | Recombinant-culture defluorination and separate fungal fluoride mobilization | Synthetic CaF2 liquid assays have soil null results and dosing conflicts; no natural-fluorite or recovered-product claim |
| Niobium | Laboratory leaching of niobium-bearing waste-incineration ashes | Substrate and loading effects, null results and incomplete controls limit microbial attribution |
| Tantalum | Condition-specific unsuccessful acidophile leaching of capacitor material | Tantalum non-detection is preserved without treating it as a measured zero or universal impossibility |
| Titanium | Shewanella algae alters the titanium oxide passive film | Spectral and protocol limits remain explicit; corrosion is distinct from recovered titanium product |
| Zirconium | HC1 culture-associated preparation followed by calcination | Missing control outcomes and mixed phase evidence prevent claims of microbial necessity or pure zirconia |
| Natural graphite | Commodity identity and BGS/CMIC 2024 assessment designation | Natural origin does not establish battery grade; no microbial mechanism is asserted |
| Beryllium | Element identity and US 2025 designation | Primary removal leads remain deferred until full methods and controls are verified |
| Hafnium | Purified bacterial ferric binding protein retains Hf(IV) clusters | Cell-free binding and crystallography do not establish whole-cell uptake or elemental-metal recovery |
| Helium | Element identity and original EU 2024 designation | Tracer, plasma and analytical use do not establish microbial helium recovery |
| Iridium | Lyophilized algal biomass adsorption and acid desorption | Current strain taxonomy, assay differences and source inconsistencies constrain interpretation |
| Lutetium | Washed Bacillus subtilis ATCC 7003 biomass depletes Lu from a mixed solution | Control-relative depletion does not resolve localization or recovered product mass balance |
| Osmium | Historical bacterial cell extracts couple hydrogen consumption to Os substrates | Stoichiometrically inferred products lack Os-specific phase and matched-control confirmation |
| Promethium | Element identity and explicit Australian 2024 rare-earth group mapping | Historical radiotracer evidence remains deferred pending carrier, background and figure checks |
| Rhenium | Dried brewer's yeast retains Re from synthetic perrhenate feeds | Fraction-specific analysis and source inconsistencies limit mass-balance and redox claims |
| Rubidium | Conditional light-dependent tracer uptake by prepared phototrophic cells | Buffer, ionophore and no-uptake comparisons limit native-transport and recovery claims |
| Thulium | Prepared Bacillus powders adsorb Tm with a conditional LTA-mutant comparison | Residual mutant adsorption and limited elution reporting prevent exclusive-mechanism or whole-feed-yield claims |
| Alumina | Commodity identity and explicitly dated designation | Distinct material form; no microbial mechanism is asserted |
| Bauxite | Commodity identity and explicitly dated designation | Distinct material form; no microbial mechanism is asserted |
| High-purity alumina | Commodity identity and explicitly dated designation | Distinct material form; no microbial mechanism is asserted |
| High-purity iron ore | Commodity identity and explicitly dated designation | Distinct material form; no microbial mechanism is asserted |
| Borates | Colemanite-bearing ore leaching during fungal culture | Source composition and protocol conflicts, missing abiotic boron series and no isolated-product yield |
| Baryte commodity | Commodity identity and explicitly dated designation | Distinct material form; no microbial mechanism is asserted |
| Fluorspar | Commodity identity and explicitly dated designation | Distinct material form; no microbial mechanism is asserted |
| Feldspar commodity | Commodity identity and explicitly dated designation | Distinct material form; no microbial mechanism is asserted |
| Magnesite commodity | Commodity identity and explicitly dated designation | Distinct material form; no microbial mechanism is asserted |
| Phosphate rock | Fungal solubilization of Araxá phosphate rock with fluoride inhibition | Culture arms and missing acid-matched comparisons constrain causal attribution |
| Potash | Commodity identity and explicitly dated designation | Distinct material form; no microbial mechanism is asserted |
| Sodium compounds | Commodity identity and explicitly dated designation | Distinct material form; no microbial mechanism is asserted |
| Magnesium metal | Commodity identity and explicitly dated designation | Distinct material form; no microbial mechanism is asserted |
| Silicon metal | Commodity identity and explicitly dated designation | Distinct material form; no microbial mechanism is asserted |
| Titanium metal | Dated commodity designation and culture-containing grinding study | Pooled feed outcomes and mixed compounds; no pure-metal yield or demonstrated microbial advantage |
| Coking coal | Mixed acidophile treatment of a coking-coal feed | Sterile controls and final acid washing complicate sulfur attribution; coking performance untested |
| Graphite commodity family | Natural and synthetic graphite commodity family | Distinct from the narrower natural-graphite record and from a certified battery grade |
| Platinum-group commodities | Six-member commodity family and Australian 2024 designation | No group-wide microbial mechanism or uniform product specification |
| Rare-earth-element commodities, Australian list scope | Engineered bacterial lanmodulin separates synthetic Nd/Dy ions | Cell-free pair separation; reported yield uses tabulated eluate, not a verified whole-feed mass balance |
| Heavy rare-earth commodities, EU assessment convention | Heavy rare-earth commodity grouping under the named EU convention | Membership conventions differ; no group-wide microbial mechanism |
| Light rare-earth commodities, EU assessment convention | Light rare-earth commodity grouping under the named EU convention | Distinct from individual elements, host minerals and other REE groupings |
| Rare-earth materials for permanent magnets, EU list scope | Seven-element end-use grouping in original EU 2024 Annex I | Raw materials for permanent magnets; no finished-magnet or grade-qualified recovery claim |
| Pentlandite | Culture-associated nickel release under controlled pH | Mixed mineral feed; different-duration runs are not replicated common endpoints |
| Jadarite | Transient lithium release from jadarite-bearing material | Mixed phases, unmatched acid additions and eventual control convergence |
| Spodumene | Negative acidophile result in a spodumene-bearing feed | No general impossibility claim; source data and loading ambiguities remain |
| Colemanite | Fungal leaching of a colemanite-bearing ore | Reported composition does not close; no verified recovery denominator |
| Spent lithium-ion battery black mass | Adapted acidophile leaching of mixed NMC battery powder | Unmatched chemistry and inconsistent source inventories prevent a complete-recovery claim |
| Bauxite residue (red mud) | Fungal aluminium mobilization from an Ajka residue | Chemical controls use different conditions; aluminium host phases remain unresolved |
| Phosphogypsum | Separate synthetic-feed and actual-residue Gluconobacter assays | Model powders do not establish industrial-feed yields; actual-residue source quantities conflict |
| Metallurgical coal commodity family | Source-defined coking, blending and injection-coal family | Explicit overlap with coking coal; authority definitions differ |
| Scheelite | Culture-associated W release from scheelite concentrate | Mixed feed and unresolved energy source; not pure-mineral yield |
| Pyromorphite | Pseudomonas-associated Pb remobilization from synthetic pyromorphite | Phosphate conditions matter; no unique pathway or field-recovery claim |
| Struvite | Fungal acidification and phosphate mobilization | Mixed water-treatment feed; oxalate-specific causality unresolved |
| Ferrihydrite | Ax17 reduction of synthetic two-line ferrihydrite | Assay analogue is not proof of ideal mineral formula or purity |
| Magnetite | Magnetite-rich product from Ax17 ferrihydrite reduction | Mixed, probably cation-deficient product; same study as ferrihydrite and iron |
| Pyrolusite | Abiotic Fe(II)-driven beta-MnO2 transformation | Explicitly nonmicrobial chemical alternative; microbial ore lead deferred |
| Lithium carbonate commodity | Manufactured Li2CO3 product family | Supplier grades do not define a universal battery qualification |
| Lithium hydroxide monohydrate commodity | Manufactured LiOH.H2O product family | LiOH assay basis differs from monohydrate purity |
| Nickel sulfate hexahydrate commodity | Manufactured NiSO4.6H2O product family | Supplier nickel-content limits and uses remain product-specific |
| Manganese sulfate monohydrate commodity | Manufactured MnSO4.H2O product family | Agricultural and battery-related uses do not establish universal grade |
| Ferroboron commodity | Iron-boron master-alloy commodity family | Variable grades; not elemental boron or one FeB stoichiometry |
| Graphite anode material for lithium-ion batteries | Graphite products for lithium-ion negative electrodes | End-use subset of graphite; not all battery-grade graphite or complete electrodes |
| Spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst | Gluconobacter supernatant leaching of one FCC feed | Total-REE inventory endpoint; unequal culture temperatures and acidity constrain comparisons |
| Coal fly ash | Yeast-supernatant treatment of coal fly ash | Residual-solid inventory loss, not measured recovered-liquid yield |
| Municipal-waste incineration ash | Sludge-culture-associated metal release from ash A | Undefined controls and analytical fraction; no universal recovery yield |
| Sewage-sludge incineration ash | Condition-dependent metal release from ash B | Lower Nb and control-near In outcomes remain distinct from ash A |
| Spent hydrocracking catalyst | Pretreated fungal-filtrate metal mobilization | Source pH, loading and control contradictions remain unresolved |
| Spent NdFeB permanent magnets | Inactive algal biosorption from prepared magnet leachate | Roasting and acid leaching precede sorption; measured uptake differs from fitted capacity |
| Dittmarite | Fungal transformation of an XRD-identified synthetic phosphate feed | Source calls the feed struvite; monohydrate identity and no recovery yield remain explicit |
| Glushinskite | Fungal magnesium oxalate dihydrate formation | Same experiment as dittmarite and magnesium; mixed product is not a pure-phase yield |
| Lithium-bearing geothermal brine | Ureolytic carbonate precipitation during brine pretreatment | Natural primary resource; aqueous lithium retention is not isolated lithium recovery |
| Forsterite | Fungal culture-associated dissolution and magnesium oxalate formation | Chemical oxalate also dissolves the feed; solution magnesium is not a recovery yield |
| Talc | Low magnesium release in the same fungal comparison | No secondary mineral recovered in that assay; no matched abiotic talc trajectory |
| Lizardite | C4-10 culture-associated magnesium and silicon release | Acidification and gene correlations do not establish gene necessity or isolated recovery |
| Vivianite | Culture-associated precipitation from a defined Fe(II) medium | Dominant phase in a mixed product; no demonstrated Fe(III) reduction or pure-product yield |
| Siderite | Co-occurring carbonate in the same culture experiment | Separate mineral identity, shared experiment and unquantified phase abundance |
| Oil and gas produced water | USGS production-stream identity and resource context | Identity-only secondary resource; microbial treatment evidence remains deferred |
| Enstatite | Bacterial treatment of an olivine/enstatite mixed feed | Modelled phase dissolution differs between culture and cell-free arms; no pure-enstatite assay |
| Olivine group | Bacterial culture and filtered-biolixiviant comparisons | Natural group feeds remain distinct from pure forsterite; mixed solids and denominator conflicts constrain yields |
| Biotite mica series | C4-10 culture-associated iron and silicon mobilization | Unresolved member species, unmatched acidity and expression correlations limit causal claims |
| Reverse osmosis concentrate | Sludge-associated precipitation in river-derived concentrate | Control limitations and tentative solid phases; downstream recovery is a separate process |
| Dunite | Bacterial biolixiviant leaching of variably altered rock feeds | Acid-matched and cell-free nulls; modeled carbon demand is not measured net sequestration |
| Hematite | Priestia culture assays with a hematite-labelled feed | Bulk oxide composition does not establish phase purity or a pure-mineral release yield |
| Potassium feldspar | Priestia culture assays with a potassium-feldspar-labelled feed | Informal mineral family; no particular member species or causal gene mechanism assigned |
| Spent hydrodesulfurization catalyst | Acidophile leaching of raw spent diesel-HDS catalyst | Chemical controls limit microbial advantage; dissolved metals are not isolated products |
| Electrolytic manganese metal | Manufactured commodity identity and producer process descriptions | Conflicting grade specifications; no universal battery qualification or microbial production claim |
| Electrolytic manganese dioxide | Manufactured commodity identity and application-specific product context | Distinct from natural mineral species; no inherited criticality or microbial production claim |
| Manganese ore | Biogenic-iron leaching and a separate fungal transformation study of mixed Nkamouna laterite | Historical controls, incomplete transformation and figure/prose conflicts limit phase-specific and recovery claims |
| Iron-ore tailings | Anaerobic mixed-culture iron mobilization | Same linked experiment as manganese ore; no phase-specific flux or isolated iron recovery |
| Electrolytic manganese residue | Fungal culture-associated manganese mobilization | Accession/strain contradiction and missing solid loading retained |
| Automotive wastewater-treatment sludge | Two-stage biogenic-acid leaching | Loading and pH dependence; no isolated product or matched chemical-acid control |
| Spent vegetable-oil hydrogenation catalyst | Process-defined spent-catalyst identity | Identity only; full experimental methods remain inaccessible |
| Copper-flotation tailings | Indigenous-bacterial treatment for physical stabilization | Control activity and source inconsistencies retained; no metal recovery claimed |
| Chrysotile-asbestos tailings | Acidophile-assisted magnesium leaching from mill tailings | Existing carbonates and control limits; no measured net carbon storage or asbestos detoxification |
| Goethite | Species-grounded acidophile iron-mobilization assays | Natural and synthetic feeds differ; acid confounding, null results and source contradictions retained |
| Nickel laterite ore | Acidophile leaching and separate indigenous-community cobalt mobilization experiments | Ore-dependent nulls, different controls and unresolved source concentrations limit recovery comparisons |
| Polymetallic nodules | Enrichment leaching and Baltic microcosm growth/partitioning | Citrate and azide controls, local growth and distinct receiving fractions limit causal and recovery claims |
| Waste printed circuit boards | Copper mobilization and separate biogenic ferric regeneration | Synthetic electrowinning, acid-washed residue and unlike controls prevent an actual-board closed-process yield |
| Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts | Community-associated metal redistribution | Azide chemistry, solution partitioning and differing companion experiments limit causal and recovery claims |
| Rare-earth-rich deep-sea mud | Inferred microbial contribution to natural diagenesis | Modeled contribution and community associations do not establish extraction or taxon-specific causality |
| Boron-ore concentration tailings | Fungal culture-associated alkali-metal leaching | Unresolved strain, absent abiotic series and kinetic/source-overlap limits; no isolated product |
| Seafloor massive sulfides | Thermophilic culture-associated Cu/Zn leaching of natural ore | Sterile comparisons, source inventory/unit conflicts and laboratory scale remain explicit |
| End-of-life crystalline-silicon photovoltaic modules | Bioanode-powered silver-bearing cathode deposition from prepared module leachate | Chemical pretreatment, abiotic cathode, missing matched controls and ambiguous blank XRD limit recovery claims |
| Waste liquid-crystal-display panels | Mixed acidophile-associated indium/tin mobilization | Unlike pH trajectories, ambiguous replication and source percentage conflicts; no isolated product |
| Spent automotive three-way catalyst | Biogenic-acid aluminium-leaching pretreatment | Unlike media and unresolved Pt accounting prevent a measured PGM-recovery claim |
| Spent sulfuric-acid-production catalyst | Culture-associated vanadium mobilization | Loading-dependent controls, conflicting source labels and residual leachability; no isolated product |
| Copper-smelter slag | Sulfur-oxidizer-associated copper mobilization | Slag-dependent outcomes, acidity and loading conflicts; no isolated product |
| Coal-mine-drainage treatment solids | Isolate-associated REE mobilization | Site-specific sterile release, below-control outcomes and unresolved mass accounting |
| Spent nickel-metal-hydride batteries | Heterotrophic culture-metabolite leaching | Null treatments, different media and source yield/timing conflicts; no isolated product |
| Blast-furnace cast-house dust | Sulfur-oxidizer-associated zinc mobilization in repeated reactor cycles | Carryover, unmatched controls and a supplementary value conflict limit cycle-specific yields |
| Heavy-fuel-oil combustion ash | Fungal spent-medium leaching | Undefined metal assay and unmatched controls; culture reactor scale differs from leaching scale |
| Discarded LED lamps | Biogenic-acid leaching of prepared lamp powder | Chemical comparator superiority for Nd and source normalization conflicts remain explicit |
| Biogas-desulfurization sulfur residue | Mixed-culture acid production from a sulfur-rich residue | Conflicting culture accession and incomplete sulfur balance; battery leaching is a separate downstream use |
| Spent zinc-manganese button-cell batteries | Culture-associated leaching after thermal pretreatment | Inhibited treatments, uncertain strain identity and unmatched chemistry limit generalization |
| Electric-arc-furnace dust | Filtered culture-acid leaching followed by microbial electrolysis | Stage-specific depletion and deposit composition do not establish whole-feed recovery |
| Basic-oxygen-furnace steel slag | Separate UK and Austrian culture-leaching studies with chemical separation assays | Unmatched acidity, retained reactor inventory and synthetic precipitation feeds limit recovery claims |
| Pharmaceutical blister packaging waste | Culture-derived acid leaching of actual hospital waste | High-temperature null comparison, poor silver-fraction release and lower 1 L results retained |
| Beverage-carton hydropulping reject | Separate enzymatic pretreatment, culture-acid leaching and chemical precipitation | Comparable reagent acid, direct-culture limitations and unverified product purity remain explicit |
| Basic-oxygen-furnace steelmaking dust | Acidophile-associated leaching with hybrid and column comparisons | Abiotic convergence, unlike pretreatments and unresolved inventory accounting; no isolated product |
| Electroformed copper-silver manufacturing scrap | Culture-associated copper leaching and separate chemical/electrochemical recovery | Confounded operating conditions, pretreatment losses and local EDS do not establish whole-feed yield |
| Metal grinding sludge | Culture-associated acid leaching of metalworking residue | Missing matched abiotic controls and residue mass prevent verified recovery yields |
| Metalliferous black shale | Three separate culture-associated leaching studies | Pretreated-feed denominators, null comparisons and source figure/dose conflicts remain explicit |
| Ground waste tire rubber | Partial microbial rubber transformation | Chemical pretreatment is separate; no demonstrated microbial zinc extraction |
| Oxidized-zinc ore | Culture-associated dissolution of a natural mixed ore | Missing numerical abiotic metal results, strain-name conflict and unreconciled yield accounting remain explicit |
| Bastnaesite mineral family | Bacterial dissolution of a characterized natural mineral separate | Species identity is unresolved; contact effects, source-data conflicts and product recovery remain qualified |
| Basaltic rock | Culture-associated colonization and aqueous redistribution in six natural core specimens | Sterilization, uptake and varying conditions prevent a universal active-dissolution claim |
| Chromite | Nitrate-dependent oxidation of operationally acid-extractable Fe(II) | The reported percentage is not chromite conversion or chromium recovery |
| Pyrrhotite | Culture-associated oxidative weathering and secondary iron minerals | Normalized diffraction depletion is not a dissolved-iron or recovered-product yield |
| Tungsten skarn tailings | Nonmicrobial laboratory physical separation and field-weathering context | Prepared-feed tungsten distributions are distinct from concentrate purity and microbial recovery |
| Natural kaolin feed | Fungal culture-associated iron removal from mixed natural kaolin | Unlike control pH and incomplete mass accounting limit attribution and verified yield |
| Kaolin mine waste | Limited bacterial iron leaching in EDTA-containing medium | Medium-only leaching and poor removal constrain biological and beneficiation claims |
| Stibnite | Aerobic culture-associated antimony mobilization and oxidation | Loading conflict, abiotic chemistry and relative phases limit causal and recovery claims |
| Bornite | Culture-associated copper leaching and biofilm observations | Mixed specimens, source conflicts and apparatus differences limit mineral-specific yield and causality |
| Arsenopyrite | Culture-associated arsenic release and secondary-solid formation | Missing matched controls and incomplete mass accounting limit passivation and recovery claims |
| Molybdenite | Controlled limited-leaching observation and a separate concentrate comparison | Censored Mo and ambiguous residue percentages do not establish zero dissolution or extraction yield |
| Chromite beneficiation tailings | Separate bacterial and fungal treatment studies of mixed residues | Source unit conflicts, absent controls and incomplete percentage normalization remain explicit |
| Pyrite | Methanogen growth on a natural specimen with separate synthetic-phase reduction assays | Mineral-access dependence does not resolve electron transfer, uptake or recovered-product yield |
| Chalcocite | Culture-associated leaching observations in mineral separates and mixtures | Feed composition, controls and an inconsistent extraction equation limit causal and yield claims |
| Covellite | Phase formation from mine drainage using biogenic sulfide | Separate chemical precipitation; inconsistent composition values cannot establish purity or recovery yield |
| Galena | Culture-associated transformation of a galena-rich concentrate | Sulfate precipitation and source accounting limits prevent a dissolved-lead recovery claim |
| Greigite | Extracellular phase formation in two Thermococcales studies | Mixed assemblages, bulk detection limits and incomplete controls constrain causal and yield claims |
| Mackinawite | Sulfate-reducing cultures and inactive biomass influence crystal growth | Abiotic formation, unequal pretreatment and fitted domain sizes do not establish recovery yield |
| Uraninite | MR-1 forms diffraction-identified UO2 nanoparticles | Genetic comparator limits and medium-dependent non-uraninite products prevent universal phase or field claims |
| Anglesite | Culture-associated formation in a galena-concentrate residue | Anglesite also forms in the control; relative phase proportions are not recovery yields |
| Jarosite | Sulfur-oxidizing cultures promote reduction and dissolution of K-jarosite | Sulfur substrates, pH and nonzero abiotic controls limit causal and quantitative comparisons |
| Ningyoite | U(IV)-phosphate formation in thermophilic cultures and a spore preparation | Species versus strain scope, mixed products and minority-phase detection remain explicit |
| Schwertmannite | Resting iron-oxidizing cells form an iron oxyhydroxysulfate material | Matched oxidation controls and biomass perturbations constrain formation and adsorption claims |
| Uramphite | Thermophilic culture transforms a precipitated ammonium uranyl-phosphate analogue | High-loading nulls, dissolved-pathway uncertainty and source discrepancies limit the reduction claim |
| Moolooite | Fungal culture-associated copper oxalate formation on weathered ore surfaces | Variable hydration, mixed phases and missing matched controls prevent pure-product or exclusive biological claims |
| Humboldtine | Fungal culture-associated iron oxalate formation on siderite- and altered pyrrhotite-bearing rocks | Organism-specific nulls, method-dependent phase assignments and control gaps limit causal and recovery claims |
| Lindbergite | Fungal formation of source-assigned manganese oxalate dihydrate from natural nodules and synthetic sodium birnessite | Separate studies retain preparation, hydration, polymorph and control limits; no pure-product yield |
| Falottaite | Fungal culture-associated manganese oxalate trihydrate assignment in a hausmannite/arsenate assay | Unresolved onset, mixed phases and absent matched abiotic controls prevent phase-specific recovery or arsenic-capacity claims |
| Mimetite | Fungal transformation of an impure natural mimetite feed with lead oxalate precipitation | Qualitative phase evidence does not establish feed conversion, arsenic fate or recovered-metal yield |
| Katsarosite | Zinc-dominant monoclinic oxalate formation during source-identified A. niger culture | Mixed phases, conflicting source conditions and a companion-strain accession mismatch remain explicit |
| Hausmannite | Culture-associated manganese mobilization from synthetic hausmannite with and without selenate | Endpoint measurements, conflicting source units and unmatched abiotic controls limit causal and recovery claims |
| Malachite | Brown-rot cultures form source-assigned copper oxalate on synthetic malachite | Species-specific phase detection and missing matched controls prevent quantitative conversion claims |
| Cerussite | Brown-rot cultures form lead oxalate on a natural cerussite specimen | Microscopy-only assignments and conflicting co-product wording remain explicit |
| Fluorapatite | Brown-rot cultures form calcium oxalate on a chlorine-bearing fluorapatite specimen | Medium calcium and method-dependent phase detection prevent source-exclusive or phosphorus-recovery claims |
| Hollandite | Brown-rot cultures form source-assigned manganese oxalate phases on a hollandite specimen | Formula and figure/table phase conflicts remain unresolved; no phase-specific recovery yield |
| Birnessite | Separate synthetic-feed transformation, fungal-composite cobalt sorption and binary Co/Ni selectivity | Different strains, phase uncertainty and source capacity/redox conflicts; no isolated metal yield |
| Todorokite | Dated IMA identity and geological occurrence | Variable composition; geological alteration does not make it an industrial secondary resource |
| Kutnohorite | Dated IMA identity and natural compositional variation | Distinct carbonate species; no inherited criticality or microbial mechanism |
| Cemented tungsten carbide scrap | Reported culture/ferric binder mobilization and separate chemical powder preparation | Missing matched controls and mass-balance denominators; no numerical extraction yield or WC purity |
| Petalite | Dated IMA species identity and Handbook geological context | No accepted microbial mechanism or inherited criticality |
| Polylithionite | Dated IMA identity and original mica nomenclature | Lepidolite series is not an exact endmember synonym; no accepted microbial mechanism |
| Germanite | Dated IMA identity and original crystal chemistry | Source space-group disagreement preserved; no accepted microbial mechanism |
| Renierite | Dated IMA identity and original composition study | Coupled composition variation within the species; no inherited criticality |
| Lithium-mica ore | Qualified microbial leaching observations on mixed mica-bearing feeds | Source denominator/protocol conflicts and distinct analytical fractions; no mineral-specific transfer |
| Coal beneficiation waste | Community-associated leaching and 2018 control/apparatus observations | Overlapping studies, inconsistent recipes and incomplete volume accounting; no complete product yield |
| Tungsten-nickel-iron alloy scrap | Ferric-assisted mechanical separation in a complete 2011 study | Proposed microbial regeneration is untested; purity and pressed-surface size claims remain qualified |
| Argyrodite | Dated IMA identity and natural Ezuri microscopy/microprobe context | Historical alburnite and synthetic lithium electrolytes remain distinct; no recovery claim |
| Briartite | Current IMA identity and original natural-mineral observations | Historical Fe/Zn scope and conflicting assay labels retained; zincobriartite is a separate species |
| Theisen sludge | Historical scrubber-residue identity and sampled-feed analytical context | Synthetic membrane feeds and reused bioleaching evidence remain separate; mechanism gap remains open |
| Alburnite | Current IMA identity, original approval and qualified natural-occurrence evidence | Arsenic-bearing occurrence remains unresolved; unavailable full-description detail is deferred |
| Cassiterite | Laboratory electroflotation using prepared Rhodococcus opacus biomass | Post-cultivation sterilization and source condition conflicts; no matched zero-biomass flotation or isolated tin yield |
| Laforêtite | Current IMA identity and original natural-inclusion chemistry and diffraction | Sparse natural sampling and multiphase synthetic comparator remain distinct; no microbial mechanism |
| Roquesite | Current IMA identity and original natural-inclusion analyses | Natural material and synthetic CuInS2 references remain distinct; no extraction or recovery claim |
| Zincobriartite | Current IMA identity and original approval announcement | Full description remains unpublished in the dated CNMNC notice; historical briartite is not automatically reassigned |
| Dzhalindite | Dated IMA identity and original natural-occurrence microscopy and composition | Failed diffraction, unresolved iron speciation and tentative hypogene origin; no microbial mechanism |
| Cassiterite-polymetallic sulfide ore | Laboratory culture-associated sulfide alteration and iron mobilization in mixed geological ore | Inconsistent composition tables and iron-based proxy; no verified sulfur balance, recovered tin yield or industrial deployment |
| Zircon | Dated IMA identity and original natural-crystal diffraction | One crystal and measured pressure bounds; zircon-sand microbial studies remain deferred |
| Rutile | Natural-mineral-assisted photocatalytic and microbial iron cycling | Supplied iron and electron donor, with control limitations; no titanium recovery |
| Stannite | Natural mineral identity and qualified historical microbial leaching assays | Synthetic and natural feeds remain distinct; source condition and concentration ambiguities retained |
| Kësterite | Natural mineral characterization and synthetic-phase microbial assay | Phase identity and missing matched sterile comparison limit attribution; no recovered tin product |
| Tennantite-(In) | Approved mineral identity and complete natural-specimen characterization | Reused occurrence, calculated properties and source discrepancies; no microbial mechanism |
| Baddeleyite | Natural zirconium-oxide mineral identity and specimen chemistry | Geological origin remains inferred; no microbial mechanism or inherited criticality |
| Yanomamite | Natural hydrated indium-arsenate identity and original characterization | Impurities, hydration estimates and inferred alteration remain qualified |
| Cadmoindite | Natural cadmium-indium sulfide identity and original fumarole characterization | Geological formation is inferred; no microbial recovery or deployment claim |
| Brookite | Natural titanium-dioxide mineral identity and specimen structure | Distinct from rutile and anatase; no microbial mechanism asserted |
| Anatase | Engineered bacterial templating followed by thermal crystallization | Calcination is required for the reported phase; no microbial titanium recovery claim |
| Indite | Original natural iron-indium sulfide characterization | Identity and inferred geological context; no microbial recovery |
| Monazite-(Ce) | Natural crystal chemistry and structure | Distinct from other species, synthetic comparators and mixed ore |
| Xenotime-(Y) | Natural crystal chemistry and structure | Species identity remains separate from mixed-concentrate experiments |
| Oil-sands froth-treatment tailings | Acid-column mobilization and separate field community evidence | Chemical treatment and ecological associations do not establish microbial recovery |
| Xenotime concentrate | Culture-associated mobilization from mixed mineral feed | Laboratory release, uncertain phase mechanisms and no isolated product |
| Elpidite | Natural occurrence and dated IMA identity | Source-qualified mineral assignment; no microbial mechanism |
| Ion-adsorption rare-earth clay | Separate Madagascar and Guangxi culture-associated mobilization studies | Unmatched chemistry, stronger salt comparators and source calculation conflicts limit recovery claims |
| Monazite ore | Biofilm microscopy with full primary/SI and sampled video evidence | Mixed natural feed; qualitative alteration without a new recovery yield |
| Allanite concentrate | Engineered Gluconobacter laboratory leaching | Relative improvement, culture-containing assay and stronger nitric-acid comparator |
| Eudialyte ore | Primary thesis evidence of culture-associated leaching | Conflicting organism labels, mismatched pH controls and separate chemical extraction |
| Gold-mine tailings | Oxalic pretreatment and acidophile-associated REE extraction | Incomplete control data, uncertain endpoint basis and no isolated product |
| Yusupovite | Original natural mineral description and dated IMA identity | Distinct from elpidite; no demonstrated microbial recovery or ion exchange |
| Allanite-derived leachate | Yeast-supernatant oxalate precipitation from a chemically prepared liquor | Solution depletion, impurity co-removal and dose inconsistencies limit product claims |
| Eudialyte concentrate | Chemical treatment of a magnetically beneficiated feed | Laboratory and pilot evidence; no microbial or industrial-deployment claim |
| Hafnon | Dated mineral identity and qualified natural occurrence | Earlier microanalysis reuse remains explicit; no inherited criticality or mechanism |
| Tennantite concentrate | Acidophile-associated leaching of a mixed concentrate | Carbon effects depend on culture and conditions; no abiotic control or isolated product |
| Catapleiite | Mineral identity and qualified natural-specimen context | Silver exchange in a heated derivative is not attributed to the unheated mineral |
| Ion-adsorption rare-earth leach residue | Fungal/metabolite treatment of a chemically prepared residue | Laboratory preparation, source percentage and control limits; no industrial tailings deployment |
| Tetrahedrite concentrate | Separate acidophile leaching assays on a mixed flotation feed | Abiotic comparison and source unit/composition conflicts; no isolated product |
| Enargite-pyrite concentrate | Conditional copper mobilization from three high-arsenic feeds | Nonsterile controls, differing carbon responses and conflicting arsenic values |
| Chalcopyrite-enargite concentrate | Mixed-feed acidophile bioleaching with carbon | Nonsterilized controls and theoretical copper contributions limit causal claims |
| Nickeline-bearing ore | Mixed-culture nickel mobilization from two natural feed grades | Ferric-only dissolution and source inconsistencies limit microbial attribution |
| Zirconolite | Current mineral identity and natural metamict specimen | No inferred polytype, microbial mechanism or criticality designation |
| Electroplating sludge | Separate culture-associated and biogenic-liquor leaching assays | Mismatched controls and source calculation/toxicity conflicts; no isolated product |
| Copper autoclave slime | EPR3-associated tellurium transport from processed refinery residue | Laboratory agar/headspace evidence; gas identity and recovered mass remain unresolved |
| Coffinite | Mineral identity, natural occurrence and abiotic laboratory formation | Abiotic precipitation is distinct from a deferred microbial-leaching study |
| Smithsonite | Ureolytic culture-associated zinc carbonate phase evidence | Phase identification belongs to the traditional dried specimen; sequential zinc depletion is a separate arm |
| Spent alkaline and zinc-carbon batteries | Microbial acid production, mixed-feed leaching and separate electrolysis | Source yield/purity conflicts, feed denominator and laboratory stage boundaries retained |
| Spent SCR catalyst | Microbial bioacid arsenic removal and separate chemical V/W leaching | Combined catalyst regeneration, source-unit/time conflicts and control limitations remain explicit |
| Alunite | Chemical roasting and potassium leaching of a mixed ore | Laboratory reagent and phase-identity conflicts retained; no microbial claim | | Annabergite | Synthetic analogue precipitation and acid calorimetry | Natural species and synthetic endmember remain distinct; no recovered nickel | | Erythrite | Synthetic analogue precipitation and acid calorimetry | No demonstrated microbial transformation or recovered cobalt | | Hauerite | Sterile ferric-chloride oxidation of characterized material | Sulfur-product distribution is not manganese recovery or a microbial assay | | Heterosite | Synthetic heterosite-structure powder preparation and lithium uptake | Natural species, engineered powder and distinct brines retain separate scope | | Melanterite | Mixed-phase assignment in an HJ-2 culture experiment | Taxonomic conflict and specimen-preparation gap prevent stronger causal claims | | Spent steel-pickling liquors | Culture-associated Fe(II) oxidation in diluted plant liquor | Recipe, strain and product-phase conflicts retained; no isolated iron recovery |
Experimental salts, alloys, mineral species and secondary resources retain their distinct identities. Criticality entries identify a jurisdiction and edition; none assert timeless status or industrial process deployment. See the initial pilot assessment, first ingest queue, earlier ingest results, expansion inventory and priorities, second expansion review, third expansion reviews, fourth expansion review and publication preparation, fifth expansion reviews, sixth expansion reviews, seventh expansion reviews, eighth expansion reviews, ninth expansion reviews, tenth expansion reviews, eleventh expansion reviews, twelfth expansion reviews, thirteenth expansion reviews, fourteenth expansion reviews, fifteenth expansion reviews, sixteenth expansion reviews, seventeenth expansion reviews, eighteenth expansion reviews, nineteenth expansion reviews, twentieth expansion reviews, twenty-first expansion reviews, twenty-second expansion reviews, twenty-third expansion reviews, twenty-fourth expansion reviews, twenty-fifth expansion reviews, twenty-sixth expansion reviews, twenty-seventh expansion reviews, twenty-eighth expansion reviews, twenty-ninth expansion reviews, thirtieth expansion reviews, thirty-first expansion reviews, thirty-second expansion reviews, thirty-third expansion reviews, thirty-fourth expansion reviews, thirty-fifth expansion reviews, thirty-sixth expansion reviews, thirty-seventh expansion reviews, thirty-eighth expansion reviews, thirty-ninth expansion reviews, fortieth expansion reviews, forty-first expansion reviews, forty-second expansion reviews, forty-third expansion reviews, forty-fourth expansion reviews, forty-fifth expansion reviews, forty-sixth expansion reviews, forty-seventh expansion reviews, forty-eighth expansion reviews, Pages integration and refreshed validation, forty-ninth expansion reviews, fiftieth expansion reviews, fifty-first expansion reviews, fifty-second expansion reviews, fifty-third expansion reviews, fifty-fourth expansion reviews, fifty-fifth expansion reviews, fifty-sixth expansion reviews, fifty-seventh expansion reviews, fifty-eighth expansion reviews, fifty-ninth expansion reviews, sixtieth expansion reviews, round61 source follow-ups, round62 records and remaining priorities, round72 records and remaining priorities, and current structured record reviews. Earlier Markdown reviews remain historical evidence.
The U/V mechanisms include eight reviewed, source-linked concentration cells. The observation contract keeps measured values, detection limits, sample dates and analysis dates distinct.
- Distinguish elements, mineral species, mineral groups, commodities, and primary and secondary resources rather than treating those as synonyms.
- Record criticality by jurisdiction, list name, and edition, with a source.
There is no universal or timeless
is_criticalflag. - Represent mechanisms such as bioleaching, biosorption, biomineralization, redox transformation, separation, recovery, and recycling.
- Mark microbial involvement explicitly; connect identified organisms and experimental context to evidence for the particular mechanism.
- Preserve uncertainty and evidence that supports, partially supports, or contradicts a mechanism. Validation is not scientific verification.
uv sync --extra dev --locked
just check
uv run cmmmech validate
uv run cmmmech validate path/to/record.yaml
uv run cmmmech validate --require-recordsThe locked development dependencies include just; use uv run just check
if it is not otherwise on your PATH. CI runs uv run python scripts/check.py,
including the recipe argument-forwarding regressions. This local gate uses no
research provider, model, credential, or network
lookup after dependencies are installed. CI also runs the separate canonical
artifact check, which reads the pinned public CLAW revision:
bash scripts/check_vendored_sync.shEach record belongs in data/records/<slug>.yaml. See
the record guide and the packaged
LinkML schema. Validation rejects unknown
fields, duplicate YAML keys, malformed references, dangling source references,
and duplicate record identifiers. An empty corpus is reported explicitly;
--require-records makes it an error. The shared local/CI gate now uses this
flag so accidental loss of the whole corpus fails just check.
Use cmmmech-add-record to turn primary evidence or a source-discovery handoff into curated records, curation history and saved scientific reviews.
Use the local record-review skill for new or changed scientific records. Review artifacts identify the reviewed commit and working changes, hash the record bytes, and retain unresolved limits. New rounds use the structured review contract. Before publishing through the squash queue, preserve the inspected source revisions using the publication procedure.
Use the local source-discovery skill
to investigate CMM data sources, reassess known sources, or identify coverage gaps.
It produces a dated search log, source assessment and ranked curation handoff under
research/sources/, keeping discovery leads separate from verified evidence.
Criticality is a designation made by a named authority at a particular time. Useful discovery sources include the USGS critical-minerals programme and the EU critical raw materials overview. These are entry points, not imported datasets or an endorsement of a frozen list. Curate microbial mechanisms from the underlying research, preserving organism, substrate, conditions, and the distinction between laboratory results and field or industrial deployment.
CLAW fleet admission
registers CMMMech with its measured native capabilities. The 22 applicable
governed artifacts are pinned in scripts/.vendored_canon_ref; CI verifies
their bytes and file modes against that immutable public CLAW revision. Use
CLAW's supported synchronizer for updates, never hand-edit governed copies.
The native schema keeps inline curation_history events separate from
history_refs, which link canonical sidecar sessions. just new-history creates
a validated sidecar without rewriting a scientific record; attach its printed
path in a reviewed edit. Both canonical timestamp guards remain unchanged.
History paths reject symlinks, and CI compares committed sessions with the
trusted event base to prevent rewriting or deleting earlier provenance. See
the history guide.
The native merge queue is configured for main through CLAW's reviewed
plan/apply/check process. Its receipts and readiness evidence
distinguish configuration, writer App token readiness, and actual queue execution.
The PR shepherd remains manual and comment-only; its configuration and available
secret names were checked without invoking its model. Other unverified fleet
adapters remain disabled. No research provider is invoked by the native or
canonical-byte validation gates.
The included CI handles pull requests, pushes to main, and merge_group
events. Operational merge evidence is tracked in issue #3.
The dated integration audit records the earlier
pre-admission state, not the current deployment. Coordinated fleet convergence
is tracked in CLAW issue #580.
Project-authored code and schemas use BSD-3-Clause. Project-authored data and narrative documentation use CC-BY-4.0. Third-party materials retain their own terms. See LICENSE, LICENSE-CODE, and LICENSE-DATA.