diff --git a/src/Sql/AbstractPreparableSql.php b/src/Sql/AbstractPreparableSql.php
index 70f11f85..211e1367 100644
--- a/src/Sql/AbstractPreparableSql.php
+++ b/src/Sql/AbstractPreparableSql.php
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ public function prepareStatement(
             $statementContainer->setParameterContainer($parameterContainer);
         }
 
+        $this->resetRenderState();
+
         $statementContainer->setSql(
             $this->buildSqlString($adapter->getPlatform(), $adapter->getDriver(), $parameterContainer),
         );
diff --git a/src/Sql/AbstractSql.php b/src/Sql/AbstractSql.php
index 5ea9aaad..f14fc358 100644
--- a/src/Sql/AbstractSql.php
+++ b/src/Sql/AbstractSql.php
@@ -56,9 +56,9 @@ abstract class AbstractSql implements SqlInterface
     /**
      * Information used during processing
      *
-     * @var array{paramPrefix: string, subselectCount: int}
+     * @var array{paramPrefix: string, subselectCount: int, expressionCount: int}
      */
-    protected array $processInfo = ['paramPrefix' => '', 'subselectCount' => 0];
+    protected array $processInfo = ['paramPrefix' => '', 'subselectCount' => 0, 'expressionCount' => 0];
 
     /** @var array<string, int> */
     protected array $instanceParameterIndex = [];
@@ -73,6 +73,8 @@ public function getSqlString(?PlatformInterface $adapterPlatform = null): string
     {
         $adapterPlatform ??= new DefaultAdapterPlatform();
 
+        $this->resetRenderState();
+
         return $this->buildSqlString($adapterPlatform);
     }
 
@@ -201,7 +203,6 @@ protected function localizeVariables(): void
     }
 
     /**
-     * @staticvar int $runtimeExpressionPrefix
      * @throws Exception\RuntimeException
      */
     protected function processExpression(
@@ -211,8 +212,6 @@ protected function processExpression(
         ?ParameterContainer $parameterContainer = null,
         ?string $namedParameterPrefix = null,
     ): string {
-        static $runtimeExpressionPrefix = 0;
-
         $expressionData   = $expression->getExpressionData();
         $specification    = $expressionData['spec'];
         $expressionValues = $expressionData['values'];
@@ -223,7 +222,7 @@ protected function processExpression(
 
         $namedParameterPrefix = match (true) {
             null === $namedParameterPrefix || '' === $namedParameterPrefix => $parameterContainer
-                ? 'expr' . $runtimeExpressionPrefix++ . 'Param'
+                ? 'expr' . $this->processInfo['expressionCount']++ . 'Param'
                 : '',
             default => $this->processInfo['paramPrefix']
                 . str_replace([' ', "\t", "\n", "\r"], replace: '__', subject: $namedParameterPrefix),
@@ -412,11 +411,16 @@ protected function processSubSelect(
         if ($parameterContainer instanceof ParameterContainer) {
             $processInfoContext = $decorator instanceof PlatformDecoratorInterface ? $subselect : $decorator;
             $this->processInfo['subselectCount']++;
-            $processInfoContext->processInfo['subselectCount'] = $this->processInfo['subselectCount'];
-            $processInfoContext->processInfo['paramPrefix']    = "subselect{$processInfoContext->processInfo['subselectCount']}";
+            $processInfoContext->processInfo = [
+                'paramPrefix'     => "subselect{$this->processInfo['subselectCount']}",
+                'subselectCount'  => $this->processInfo['subselectCount'],
+                'expressionCount' => $this->processInfo['expressionCount'],
+            ];
+            $processInfoContext->instanceParameterIndex = [];
 
-            $sql                                 = $decorator->buildSqlString($platform, $driver, $parameterContainer);
-            $this->processInfo['subselectCount'] = $decorator->processInfo['subselectCount'];
+            $sql                                  = $decorator->buildSqlString($platform, $driver, $parameterContainer);
+            $this->processInfo['subselectCount']  = $decorator->processInfo['subselectCount'];
+            $this->processInfo['expressionCount'] = $decorator->processInfo['expressionCount'];
 
             return $sql;
         }
@@ -434,6 +438,23 @@ protected function renderTable(string $table, ?string $alias = null): string
         return $alias ? "{$table} AS {$alias}" : $table;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Clear the parameter naming state left by a previous render
+     *
+     * Called by the top-level render entry points so that rendering the same object again produces
+     * the same SQL and parameter names. A platform decorator also clears its subject, whose state it
+     * copies at the start of each render.
+     */
+    protected function resetRenderState(): void
+    {
+        $this->processInfo            = ['paramPrefix' => '', 'subselectCount' => 0, 'expressionCount' => 0];
+        $this->instanceParameterIndex = [];
+
+        if ($this instanceof PlatformDecoratorInterface && $this->subject instanceof self) {
+            $this->subject->resetRenderState();
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * @param ColumnReference|ColumnValue $column
      * @throws Exception\RuntimeException
diff --git a/test/unit/Sql/RenderStateTest.php b/test/unit/Sql/RenderStateTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..06c94016
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/unit/Sql/RenderStateTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace PhpDbTest\Sql;
+
+use Closure;
+use PhpDb\Adapter\AdapterInterface;
+use PhpDb\Adapter\Driver\DriverInterface;
+use PhpDb\Adapter\StatementContainer;
+use PhpDb\Sql\AbstractPreparableSql;
+use PhpDb\Sql\AbstractSql;
+use PhpDb\Sql\Combine;
+use PhpDb\Sql\Delete;
+use PhpDb\Sql\Expression;
+use PhpDb\Sql\Insert;
+use PhpDb\Sql\Predicate\In;
+use PhpDb\Sql\PreparableSqlInterface;
+use PhpDb\Sql\Select;
+use PhpDb\Sql\Update;
+use PhpDbTest\TestAsset\SelectDecorator;
+use PhpDbTest\TestAsset\TrustingSql92Platform;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\CoversMethod;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+
+#[CoversMethod(AbstractSql::class, 'getSqlString')]
+#[CoversMethod(AbstractSql::class, 'processExpression')]
+#[CoversMethod(AbstractSql::class, 'processSubSelect')]
+#[CoversMethod(AbstractSql::class, 'resetRenderState')]
+#[CoversMethod(AbstractPreparableSql::class, 'prepareStatement')]
+#[CoversMethod(Combine::class, 'buildSqlString')]
+final class RenderStateTest extends TestCase
+{
+    /** @return array<string, array{Closure(): PreparableSqlInterface, string, array<string, mixed>}> */
+    public static function statementProvider(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'select'                                      => [
+                static fn(): PreparableSqlInterface => (new Select('t'))->columns([
+                    'id',
+                    'n' => new Expression('COALESCE(x, ?)', [0]),
+                ])
+                    ->where(['a' => 1, 'b' => 2])
+                    ->where([new In('c', (new Select('u'))->columns(['id'])->where(['d' => 3]))])
+                    ->order(new Expression('FIELD(id, ?)', [4]))
+                    ->limit(10)
+                    ->offset(20),
+                'SELECT "t"."id" AS "id", COALESCE(x, :n1) AS "n" FROM "t" WHERE "a" = :where1 AND "b" = :where2'
+                    . ' AND "c" IN (SELECT "u"."id" AS "id" FROM "u" WHERE "d" = :subselect1where1)'
+                    . ' ORDER BY FIELD(id, :expr0Param1) LIMIT :limit OFFSET :offset',
+                [
+                    'n1'               => 0,
+                    'where1'           => 1,
+                    'where2'           => 2,
+                    'subselect1where1' => 3,
+                    'expr0Param1'      => 4,
+                    'limit'            => 10,
+                    'offset'           => 20,
+                ],
+            ],
+            'update'                                      => [
+                static fn(): PreparableSqlInterface => (new Update('t'))->set([
+                    'a' => 1,
+                    'b' => new Expression('b + ?', [2]),
+                ])
+                    ->where(['c' => 3])
+                    ->where([new In('d', (new Select('u'))->columns(['id'])->where(['e' => 4]))]),
+                'UPDATE "t" SET "a" = :a, "b" = b + :expr0Param1 WHERE "c" = :where1'
+                    . ' AND "d" IN (SELECT "u"."id" AS "id" FROM "u" WHERE "e" = :subselect1where1)',
+                ['a' => 1, 'expr0Param1' => 2, 'where1' => 3, 'subselect1where1' => 4],
+            ],
+            'insert'                                      => [
+                static fn(): PreparableSqlInterface => (new Insert('t'))
+                    ->values(['a' => 1, 'b' => new Expression('LOWER(?)', ['X'])]),
+                'INSERT INTO "t" ("a", "b") VALUES (:a, LOWER(:expr0Param1))',
+                ['a' => 1, 'expr0Param1' => 'X'],
+            ],
+            'insert from select'                          => [
+                static fn(): PreparableSqlInterface => (new Insert('t'))->columns(['a'])
+                    ->select((new Select('u'))->columns(['a'])->where(['b' => 1])),
+                'INSERT INTO "t" ("a") SELECT "u"."a" AS "a" FROM "u" WHERE "b" = :subselect1where1',
+                ['subselect1where1' => 1],
+            ],
+            'delete'                                      => [
+                static fn(): PreparableSqlInterface => (new Delete('t'))->where(['a' => 1])
+                    ->where([new In('b', (new Select('u'))->columns(['id'])->where(['c' => 2]))]),
+                'DELETE FROM "t" WHERE "a" = :where1'
+                    . ' AND "b" IN (SELECT "u"."id" AS "id" FROM "u" WHERE "c" = :subselect1where1)',
+                ['where1' => 1, 'subselect1where1' => 2],
+            ],
+            'combine'                                     => [
+                static fn(): PreparableSqlInterface => new Combine([
+                    (new Select('t'))->where(['a' => 1]),
+                    (new Select('u'))->where(['a' => 2]),
+                ]),
+                '(SELECT "t".* FROM "t" WHERE "a" = :subselect1where1)'
+                    . ' UNION (SELECT "u".* FROM "u" WHERE "a" = :subselect2where1)',
+                ['subselect1where1' => 1, 'subselect2where1' => 2],
+            ],
+            'unnamed expressions in parent and subselect' => [
+                static fn(): PreparableSqlInterface => (new Select('t'))->where([
+                    new In('a', (new Select('u'))->columns(['id'])->order(new Expression('FIELD(id, ?)', [1]))),
+                ])
+                    ->order(new Expression('FIELD(id, ?)', [2])),
+                'SELECT "t".* FROM "t" WHERE "a" IN'
+                    . ' (SELECT "u"."id" AS "id" FROM "u" ORDER BY FIELD(id, :expr0Param1))'
+                    . ' ORDER BY FIELD(id, :expr1Param1)',
+                ['expr0Param1' => 1, 'expr1Param1' => 2],
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    #[Group('unit')]
+    public function platformDecoratorRendersTheSameParameterNamesAsItsSubjectOnEveryPrepare(): void
+    {
+        $subject = (new Select('t'))->where(['a' => 1])
+            ->where([new In('b', (new Select('u'))->columns(['id'])->where(['c' => 2]))]);
+        $decorator = new SelectDecorator();
+        $expected  = [
+            'SELECT "t".* FROM "t" WHERE "a" = :where1'
+                . ' AND "b" IN (SELECT "u"."id" AS "id" FROM "u" WHERE "c" = :subselect1where1)',
+            ['where1' => 1, 'subselect1where1' => 2],
+        ];
+
+        static::assertSame(
+            [$expected, $expected, $expected],
+            [
+                $this->prepare($subject),
+                $this->prepare($decorator->setSubject($subject)),
+                $this->prepare($decorator->setSubject($subject)),
+            ],
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param Closure(): PreparableSqlInterface $factory
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $expectedParameters
+     */
+    #[Test]
+    #[Group('unit')]
+    #[DataProvider('statementProvider')]
+    public function preparingTheSameStatementTwiceRendersIdenticalSqlAndParameterNames(
+        Closure $factory,
+        string $expectedSql,
+        array $expectedParameters,
+    ): void {
+        $statement = $factory();
+
+        static::assertSame(
+            [
+                [$expectedSql, $expectedParameters],
+                [$expectedSql, $expectedParameters],
+            ],
+            [$this->prepare($statement), $this->prepare($statement)],
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    #[Group('unit')]
+    public function renderingAsStringBetweenPreparesDoesNotChangeParameterNames(): void
+    {
+        $select = (new Select('t'))->where(['a' => 1])
+            ->where([new In('b', (new Select('u'))->columns(['id'])->where(['c' => 2]))]);
+
+        $first = $this->prepare($select);
+        $select->getSqlString(new TrustingSql92Platform());
+
+        static::assertSame($first, $this->prepare($select));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    #[Group('unit')]
+    public function selectPreviouslyRenderedAsSubselectHasNoSubselectPrefixAtTopLevel(): void
+    {
+        $inner = (new Select('u'))->columns(['id'])->where(['c' => 2]);
+        $this->prepare((new Select('t'))->where([new In('b', $inner)]));
+
+        static::assertSame(
+            ['SELECT "u"."id" AS "id" FROM "u" WHERE "c" = :where1', ['where1' => 2]],
+            $this->prepare($inner),
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array{?string, array<string, mixed>}
+     */
+    private function prepare(PreparableSqlInterface $statement): array
+    {
+        $driver = $this->createStub(DriverInterface::class);
+        $driver->method('formatParameterName')->willReturnCallback(static fn(string $name): string => ":{$name}");
+
+        $adapter = $this->createStub(AdapterInterface::class);
+        $adapter->method('getDriver')->willReturn($driver);
+        $adapter->method('getPlatform')->willReturn(new TrustingSql92Platform());
+
+        $container = $statement->prepareStatement($adapter, new StatementContainer());
+
+        return [$container->getSql(), $container->getParameterContainer()?->getNamedArray() ?? []];
+    }
+}