diff --git a/vector/src/main/java/org/apache/arrow/vector/dictionary/DictionaryEncoder.java b/vector/src/main/java/org/apache/arrow/vector/dictionary/DictionaryEncoder.java
index 4af1a8693f..284f02032c 100644
--- a/vector/src/main/java/org/apache/arrow/vector/dictionary/DictionaryEncoder.java
+++ b/vector/src/main/java/org/apache/arrow/vector/dictionary/DictionaryEncoder.java
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ static void retrieveIndexVector(
     for (int i = start; i < end; i++) {
       if (!indices.isNull(i)) {
         int indexAsInt = (int) indices.getValueAsLong(i);
-        if (indexAsInt > dictionaryCount) {
+        if (indexAsInt < 0 || indexAsInt >= dictionaryCount) {
           throw new IllegalArgumentException(
               "Provided dictionary does not contain value for index " + indexAsInt);
         }
diff --git a/vector/src/test/java/org/apache/arrow/vector/TestDictionaryVector.java b/vector/src/test/java/org/apache/arrow/vector/TestDictionaryVector.java
index 0945919b91..d97ce9e39c 100644
--- a/vector/src/test/java/org/apache/arrow/vector/TestDictionaryVector.java
+++ b/vector/src/test/java/org/apache/arrow/vector/TestDictionaryVector.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertArrayEquals;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;
 
@@ -942,6 +943,35 @@ public void testNoMemoryLeak() {
     assertEquals(0, allocator.getAllocatedMemory(), "decode memory leak");
   }
 
+  @Test
+  public void testDecodeRejectsDictionaryIndicesOutsideBounds() {
+    try (final IntVector indices = newVector(IntVector.class, "", Types.MinorType.INT, allocator);
+        final VarCharVector dictionaryVector = newVarCharVector("dict", allocator)) {
+      setVector(dictionaryVector, zero, one);
+      Dictionary dictionary =
+          new Dictionary(dictionaryVector, new DictionaryEncoding(1L, false, null));
+
+      setVector(indices, dictionaryVector.getValueCount());
+      IllegalArgumentException upperBoundException =
+          assertThrows(
+              IllegalArgumentException.class,
+              () -> DictionaryEncoder.decode(indices, dictionary, allocator));
+      assertEquals(
+          "Provided dictionary does not contain value for index 2",
+          upperBoundException.getMessage());
+
+      setVector(indices, -1);
+      IllegalArgumentException negativeException =
+          assertThrows(
+              IllegalArgumentException.class,
+              () -> DictionaryEncoder.decode(indices, dictionary, allocator));
+      assertEquals(
+          "Provided dictionary does not contain value for index -1",
+          negativeException.getMessage());
+    }
+    assertEquals(0, allocator.getAllocatedMemory(), "decode memory leak");
+  }
+
   @Test
   public void testListNoMemoryLeak() {
     // Create a new value vector
@@ -1053,7 +1083,7 @@ public void testStructNoMemoryLeak() {
       NullableStructWriter writer = indices.getWriter();
       writer.allocate();
       writer.start();
-      writer.integer("f0").writeInt(1);
+      writer.integer("f0").writeInt(0);
       writer.integer("f1").writeInt(3);
       writer.end();
       writer.setValueCount(1);